Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. It is also used as a basis for the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) used by the World Health Organisation in classifying all disorders (mental and physical). Bentalls meta-analysis (2012) shows that stress arising from abuse in childhood increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. Research indicates their attention skills may be deficient they often appear easily distracted. Tienari Et. Usually the person has convinced him/herself that he/she is someone powerful or important, such as Jesus Christ, the Queen (e.g. More receptors lead to more firing and an over production of messages. Central idea: Patients problems are based on incorrect beliefs and expectations. LS23 6AD In most cases the original typical antipsychotics have more side effects, so if the exam paper asks for two biological therapies you can write about typical anti-psychotics and emphasise the side effects, then you can write about the atypical antipsychotics and give them credit for having less side effects. desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. Those who do not have the schizogene would not develop schizophrenia, even if they experienced a chronically stressful upbringing. Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. culture and gender bias and symptom overlap. Fox (1990): It is more likely that factors associated with living in poorer conditions (e.g. a) Explain why a Mann-Whitney test is an appropriate choice of statistical test in this situation and a Spearman's test is not. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for enlarged ventricles determining the likelihood of schizophrenia developing. Sweets and cigarettes. The researchers used an inferential statistical test to see if there was a significant difference in language rating between the two groups. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. The intention is to show schizophrenics that their hallucinations are not real. Kahn et al. Full Text. Mischler & Waxler (1968) found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder. Drug therapy is a biological treatment for schizophrenia. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. West Yorkshire, You MUST revise everything because the exam board could choose any question, however, it does make sense to spend more time on those topics which have not appeared for a while. It is very difficult to separate out the influence of nature-v-nurture. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. b) identifying source of bias - EITHER people volunteer so their behaviour might be atypical/unrepresentative OR they all attend self-help group so their behaviour may be atypical/unrepresentative eg volunteers may be better communicators, more verbal THE DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY - Institute Of Counseling Of these, only 1 study showed improvement in symptoms and behavioural change in patients. LS23 6AD Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. laying out what they hope to achieve through the therapy. with reference to co-morbidity, Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? People with schizophrenia have abnormally large ventricles in the brain . Describe the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia and explain how. In order to explain schizophrenia effectively it would be better to take an interactionist approach, such as the diathesis stress model. A dysfunctional family is one that has at its core destructive and harmful parenting and a lack of concern for the child. 214 High Street, There are two components: 1. Kazdin et al. disputing techniques. an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49 3x sold 11 items 1. Psychomotor Disturbances: Stereotypyical Rocking backwards and forwards, twitches, & repetitive behaviors. Medication can be taken as pills, syrups or injections, and may be taken over a short or long-term. A weakness of the family relationsships appraoch is that there is a problem of cause and effect. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. Sometimes when people with schizophrenia become depressed, so it is common to prescribe anti-depressants at the same time as the anti-psychotics. Token economies are only likely to work in a clinical setting, where patients can be constantly monitored and the system of rewards is closely controlled. Outline and evaluate the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia B.A., History and Educational Psychology, University of Exeter. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia 2. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . Book now . This can lead to problems with reliability of diagnosis as one doctor might diagnose the person as having schizophrenia while another might diagnose bipolar disorder. Treatment: In an interactionist approach, treatments will take more than one form. The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly using joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. A strength is that the research into enlarged ventricles and neurotransmitter levels have high reliability. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. Strategies are practised within a session and the client is helped through any problems in applying it. Cognitive biases refer to selective attention. Eg. Further support comes from the fact that dopamine agonists (e.g. Turkington et al. They generally have fewer side effects eg. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, (1988) has found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked in a small number of extended families where they have the disorder. Preliminary analysis: Through interviews and observation the therapist identifies strengths and weaknesses of family members and identifies problem behaviors. For example, trying to persuade an individual that the government is not watching or monitoring them in any way may interfere with their (possibly justifiable) fear of an over-controlling government. 1. a group of people related by blood or marriage or a strong common bond, such as those descended from a common ancestor, or a husband, wife, and their children. Alogia aka speech poverty is a thought disorder were correct words are used but with little meaning. This suggests that the biological account cannot give a full explanation of the disorder. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. [4 marks]. Evaluation of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia - Stuvia EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. It can also reduce positive symptoms by not rewarding them, but rewarding desirable behavior instead. Assessment: The therapist encourages the patient to explain their concerns. In other words the illness only manifesters itself under appropriate environmental conditions, genetics was not enough on its own. A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist. Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. Diagnosis refers to the assigning of a label of a disorder to a patient. family dysfunction schizophrenia tutor2u This makes it more difficult to confidently diagnose schizophrenia. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. This suggests that gaining an insight into family relationships allows psychiatric professionals to help improve the quality of patients lives. Imagined stimuli could involve any of the senses. MZ twins may have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors. tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) double-bind, high expressed emotion - . Typical antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of positive symptoms, blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses of the brain and thus reducing the action of dopamine. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. In other words, it doesnt cure schizophrenia, it just helps people get over it. ABC: Get the patients to understand what is really happening in their life: A: Antecedent what is triggering your problem ? Antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of symptoms (particularly positive symptoms). 214 High Street, Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. Tokens are secondary reinforcers, which are exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers), for example food, being allowed to watch a film, and so on. ', In a study of communication, researchers used a language rating scale to compare two groups of participants. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs. Other side effects are potentially fatal, for example agranulocytosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). They found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics. A quarter of people with schizophrenia (Total 4 marks) 11 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia: Genetics - A Level Psychology AQA Revision - Study Rocket Getting dressed, tokens (in the form of coloured discs) are given immediately as secondary reinforcers which can be exchanged for rewards eg. In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. This suggests that biological factors predispose someone to schizophrenia, but this has to be triggered by some sort of experience or stressor. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. Jakobsen et al. Note: you may come across the terms DSM-IV and ICD-10. Atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine bind to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors. Drugs such as Chlorpromazine also have a sedative effect, meaning that they calm patients down and reduce anxiety. This weakens the interactionist explanation. PDF Fisiopatologia, avaliao e tratamento da disfuno ertil: artigo de For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. Clozapine targets multiple neurotransmitters, not just dopamine, and has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects in particular, loss of the white blood cells that fight infection. In CBT, schizophrenia patients are encouraged to trace back the origins of their symptoms in order to get a better idea of how the symptoms might have developed. Diathesis-stress model: Meehl (1962) originally proposed that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop the condition. These may be risk factors for the development and maintenance of schizophrenia. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Laing believed that schizophrenia was a result of the interactions between people, especially in families. It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. Comorbidities were also found with epilepsy being the . They engage in no self motivated behavior. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . These symptoms may leave them fearful and withdrawn. This has the effect of reducing dopamine production, and reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations. The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? Communication skills training teach family to listen, to express emotions and to discuss things. Families can help minimize the damage to self of the schizophrenic that this entails. Severe side effects Long term use can result in tardive dyskinesia which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as blinking and lip smacking While they may be effective, the severity of the side effects mean the costs outweigh the benefits therefore they are not an appropriate treatment. (1956) suggested the double bind theory, which suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. Having attempted to dispute faulty beliefs, patients may also be set behavioural assignments with the aim of improving their general level of functioning. In more extreme cases the patient might be unable to cope with the pressures of having to discuss their ideas and feelings and could become stressed by the therapy, or over-fixated with the details of their illness. They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. Tarrier (2005) reviewed trials of CBT, finding evidence of reduced symptoms, especially positive ones, and lower relapse rates. stress) may trigger the onset of schizophrenia, rather than individuals with schizophrenia moving down in social status. Validity the extent to which schizophrenia is a unique syndrome with characteristics, signs and symptoms. (2008) found that antipsychotics are generally effective for at least one year, but second- generation drugs were no more effective than first-generation ones.
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