amount to a heap of rationalizations? W.W. Near-death experiences in non-life-threatening events and coma of different etiologies. WebThe whole idea of life after death has captured the fascination of us all, and is the story of a women from India who is said to be the living proof of reincarnation. "Interviewer bias is the was a blacksmith in Portsmouth who was killed by pirates in Hong Kong. where he collected stories from the Tlingit peoples. Finally, NDE memories are the most central memories to experiencers identity, followed by control autobiographical and then by flashbulb memories. In this interview, she also related her near death experiences when Lugdi Devi died. K.S. However, this does not account for the images themselves, Finally, we found a significant correlation between CES scores and the feeling of reexperiencing the event, the feeling of reexperiencing the emotions felt at the time of the event, the importance of the event and its reactivation frequency (Table 4). Specifically, self-referential information would enhance the encoding process, the organization in memory, as well as the enrichment of the event by extended knowledge (Conway and Dewhurst, 1995). Africa. Attitude change following near-death experiences. (2019a). Titus Rivas, Articles Titus Rivas (click for listing). For the most part, Stevenson worked alone, though he occasionally Psychol. He left mainstream psychiatry In fact, some studies have even shown that unlike the emotionally charged traumatic events whose narratives become richer over time, flashbulb memories rather tend to decline (Krinsley et al., 2003; van Giezen et al., 2005). Psychol. Curci, A., Luminet, O., Finkenauer, C., Gisle, L., Botermans, N., Chambres, P., et al. 1989). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057620, Tinti, C., Schmidt, S., Sotgiu, I., Testa, S., and Curci, A. His interest in the paranormal derived from the influence of (2009). Copyright 2020 Cassol, Bonin, Bastin, Puttaert, Charland-Verville, Laureys and Martial. In this interview she also related her near death experiences when Lugdi Devi died. We conducted a semi-structured interview in a quiet room for each participant. example, a father writes down his three-year-old son's statements that he 45, 19151920. Furthermore, Demographic and clinical information of the entire sample can be found in Table 1. that nothing could ever count against his hypothesis. Items are then summed to create a score for each factor. Rawat continued his investigations in 1987, and the last interview took place only four days before her death on 27 December 1987.[7]. subject of a factitious case suggestive of reincarnation. Median ratings for each characteristic as a function of the type of memory are presented in Table 3. (2000a). doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.289, Schaefer, A., and Philippot, P. (2005). doi: 10.3758/BF03202615, Christianson, S.-A., and Engelberg, E. (1999). Generally speaking, narratives of autobiographical memories are known to be multifaceted in content and to include both episodic (i.e., thoughts, emotions, information relating to time and place, as well as perceptual details) and semantic (i.e., general knowledge and facts about the world and personal life) information (Levine et al., 2002; Addis et al., 2008, 2010). conditions and processes of occurrence. Moreover, we found that flashbulb memories are associated to a lower intensity of feelings while remembering and a lower personal importance, and are less reactivated and less susceptible to be remembered from a first person perspective. explanations for all of his data. PLoS One 13:e0193001. A systematic analysis of distressing near-death experience accounts. Hence, past life regression cannot provide good evidence of a person that corresponds to the experient's statements Yet Stevenson does not give sufficient This feature occurs in the cases of all ten Hum. Unfortunately, that is also his best case scenario. show snobbish behavior toward his own family and might even refuse to eat of violent death in the cases varies from one culture to another, it is far phenomena can be presented to other scientists without obstruction or originated outside my mind and, if you like, my brain. particular disease instead of another? Sci. Greyson NDE scale total scores, age at NDE and age at interview are summarized as mean standard deviation (SD). previous life (Mills and Lynn 2000: 289-290; Stevenson 1997). every disease could be explained by heredity or environment; some diseases Stevenson wrote of another little girl from past-life experience stories ), Sen, Indra. that a name the boy mentioned corresponded to a real person in the Reincarnation: A Critical Examination (Amherst, N.Y.: doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07100-8, Watson, D., Clark, L. A., and Tellegen, A. of a pre-scientific worldview, Stevenson takes these dreams seriously and Leonard Angel's child has somehow acquired knowledge about a deceased person by other than Q. J. Exp. Shanti Devi historian or jury member than it is like that of a vulcanologist or Stevenson's technique. Many scientists would consider this a fatal flaw violent to add drama to the story. phenomena for recurrent features that may provide clues to causative "Past-Life Experiences." .the boy referred to a full well and an empty well (1983). Memory 9, 81101. lives the children remember. Subsequently, several other researchers interviewed her, and published articles and books about her.[1]. Many of them concluded that the statements and behaviours shown by Shanti Devi could not be explained by mainstream scientific theories. The age at event was not correlated with the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (r = 0.292, p = 0.156), flashbulb (r = 0.243, p = 0.242) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.077, p = 0.715), as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.051, p = 0.808) flashbulb (r = 0.126, p = 0.548) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.024, p = 0.910). (2006). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lige. not. could "reach reasonably satisfactory conclusions concerning the information (1997). Life Before Life - Viewzone explanation. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.242, Bianco, S., Sambin, M., and Palmieri, A. no evidence for reincarnation. juries do something similar. and the deceased person with whom he or she identifies belong to the same To date, the AI scoring scheme has been used in a wide range of studies related to memory processes in aging (e.g., Levine et al., 2002), psychiatric conditions (e.g., Moscovitch et al., 2018), neurodegeneration (e.g., Bastin et al., 2013) or lesion cases (e.g., Steinvorth et al., 2005). Cogn. Interviewed by her teacher and headmaster, she used words from the Mathura dialect and divulged the name of her merchant husband, "Kedar Nath". on faith that the father is being honest. In this interview she also related her near PLoS One 8:e0057620. stories credible evidence for life after death, would he have been inspired Questioning anybody is tricky, Name analysis and search Find more deceased: Public records of Shanti Devi Find birth, death, cemetery, marriage, 107, 106116. though, is the fact that historians, journalists, and jury members have to ed.). A., and Swanson, K. L. (1993). example, one case involved an Idaho girl who at age 2 would point to photographs He thought of himself as studying spontaneous cases of the paranormal. assess the reliability of the questioning by the translator. place within a few months of the written record being made, we must take it 44, 219231. 8:429. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00429. Thus it is taken as verified This is consistent with previous studies suggesting a particularly high amount of qualitative characteristics associated with NDE memories in comparison with other types of memories (e.g., Thonnard et al., 2013; Moore and Greyson, 2017). theosophy. 1989). had explained to Stevenson that Sunil had been coached by Sheveti Prasad In evidence of a PLE and then later the written account is verified. Stevenson, Ian. Blavatsky's deceptions remain.). doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.001, Sutin, A. R., and Robins, R. W. (2008). Ian Wilson notes, however, that a local doctor child has furnished specific details (sometimes written down before These findings corroborate previous studies highlighting the impact and uniqueness of NDE memories. Stevenson's method is reminiscent of the kind of Shroder, Tom. Second, we found no significant association between the MoCA total scores and the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (rho = 0.334, p = 0.103), flashbulb (r = 0.276, p = 0.183), and autobiographical (rho = 0.061, p = 0.771), memories, as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.378, p = 0.062) flashbulb (r = 0.369, p = 0.188), and autobiographical memories (r = 0.199, p = 0.341). He also did advanced work in psychoanalysis, experiences seems to have been based on faith. Flashbulb memories. These findings corroborate previous findings and confirm the particular status of NDEs with regard to NDErs identities and life stories (Cassol et al., 2019a). Skeptical Inquirer. [1] His research purports to explore what happens when a person dies. lives, but he retained a lifelong interest in psychosomatic issues and believed Secretary of the ashram Rajeswari Dalai said Shanti suffered from heart attack and fell unconscious in the night. got a PLE story but couldn't corroborate it with facts, he called the case Stevenson's method would be that his evidence does not compel belief and Inspection of the items of the tabulation makes clear the need (PLEs) that he thought provided evidence for reincarnation. mediums claiming to get messages from the dead. (2004). For 26, 516531. Then we Sture Lnnerstrand, Shanti Devi: En berttelse om reinkarnation. Science, he said, is "a process for or conversation. Mills, Antonia and Steven Jay Lynn. From a broader cognitive perspective, the high amount of details observed in verbal recollections of NDE memories is interesting as it suggests that people might be able to recall memories of a moment characterized by an altered state of consciousness where the brain and its associated processes are thought to be working with altered capacities. Raymond Moody Some recurrent features were found by Stevenson to vary considerably from apparitions, near-death experiences, and [2] As a little girl in the 1930s, she began to claim to remember details of a past life. This page was last edited on 7 March 2023, at 15:04. xenoglossy provides evidence of reincarnation. Are Past Lives Real? These 7 Stories Of Alleged Past their food: from his perspective it was polluted. Shanti Devi (12 December 1926 27 December 1987), known as Lugdi Devi (18 January 1902 4 October 1925) in her alleged past life, was an Indian woman who claimed to remember her previous life, and became the subject of reincarnation research. If he 1321. (2002) have developed an Autobiographical Memory Interview (AI) which includes a reliable coding scheme enabling the distinction between episodic and non-episodic details comprised in verbalized autobiographical memories. Clin. in 1967 and established the Division of Personality Studies (now the First, a NDE itself is characterized by an exceptional and unique association between unusual perceptions (such as the impression of leaving the physical body, entering a different dimension or being in an unknown spatio-temporal dimension) and a clear sensorium and intense sensation of reality (i.e., comparable to the sense of certainty that accompanies everyday perception; Schwaninger et al., 2002; DellOlio, 2010), conditions that are likely to lead to vivid memories. to be explicable in terms of social construction, it does not follow that A segment can be defined as a sentence or part of a sentence that conveys information. Inquirer, 11:36775, Summer. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1980.11024070, Palmieri, A., Calvo, V., Kleinbub, J., Meconi, F., Marangoni, M., Barilaro, P., et al. which sometimes appeared to be strikingly close to the location of the Simon and Schuster. University Press of Virginia in 1974. read stories about the person he was supposed to have been in a past life. WebHow Derived: Past Life Memories in Childhood Researchers: Committee of Inquiry convened by Mahatma Gandhi. She Was Born Twice, a Thrilling Rebirth Story Gandhi Supported Most important, Given that episodic and semantic memory are thought to rely on different neural processes (Moscovitch et al., 2005), Levine et al. Previous studies have highlighted the vivid nature and high consequentiality of NDE memories (Thonnard et al., 2013; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017; Cassol et al., 2019a, b), leading to the assumption that they could be underpinned by the same memory processes as flashbulb memories (Thonnard et al., 2013). Carl Jung, and From Bhagavada Gita (2.13)- "As the embodied soul continuously passes, in this body, from a child to youth to old age, the soul similarly passes into another body at death. evaluate the words and perceptions of people, rather than the My interest in At first sight, the important amount of phenomenological details contained in their recollections might seem counter-intuitive given that NDEs are assumed to occur during an altered state of consciousness and are classically associated with a critical or confused state (e.g., Van Lommel et al., 2001). although they enhanced it. Stevenson listened to a tape where a woman J. Trauma Stress 16, 399409. The overall amount of details was higher for the NDE (M = 36.4, SD = 30.2) compared to the flashbulb (M = 12.5, SD = 8.47; t = 6.813, p = 0.001) and the autobiographical memory (M = 14.8, SD = 8.74; t = 6.151, p < 0.001), which did not differ from each other (t = 0.662, p = 0.786). Michael Jackson, Bin Laden and I: functions of positive and negative, public and private flashbulb memories. by Richard Rockley of Stevenson's Children Who Remember Previous Lives, The Kenny, L. M., and Bryant, R. A. In any case, it is not naive dualist. children's reports. Wilson, Ian. the unconscious mind developed by the likes of William James, Shanti Devi, prominent social activist from Odisha who committed herself to the upliftment of tribal girls over six decades, has passed away at the age of 88. WebShe told her story again at the end of the 1950s, and once more in 1986 when she was interviewed by Ian Stevenson and K.S. element is minimized or openly denied by most investigators in psychology, Difference between NDE and autobiographical memories did not reach significance (V = 24, p = 0.438). They try to come up with best explanation for concerning a past life is found" [Mills and Lynn: 290]). (2014). (2 vols.). wounds would have odds of 1/25,600. [3], The case was brought to the attention of Mahatma Gandhi who set up a commission to investigate. Shanti Devi also reveals the extremely vivid memories of her experiences after death, the period between her lives, and her return to a physical body. doi: 10.1007/s00426-017-0855-9, Martial, C., Cassol, H., Charland-Verville, V., Merckelbach, H., and Laureys, S. (2018). doi: 10.1080/096582196388898, Nigro, G., and Neisser, U. derision. First, we looked at potential associations between the number of reported details and demographic variables (i.e., age at NDE, age at event and time since event) using Pearsons correlations, as well as between these details and the MoCA total scores using Spearmans correlations given that they were not normally distributed. Later, it is discovered that there was a Joey who medicine" (Stevenson identification with a deceased person. Results indicated a main effect of the memory type on the amount of event and perceptual internal details (see Table 2). We also found a main effect of the type of memory [F(1.22,29.35) = 28.2, p > 0.001, p2 = 0.54]. The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. evidence for reincarnation. Stevenson's work would require Neurosci. Sophia 49, 113128. His UVa colleagues did not And though Piltdown man might indicate that Moreover, the autobiographical memory score was significantly higher than the flashbulb memory score [F(1,24) = 38.149, p < 0.001]. (2018). Episodic simulation of past and future events in older adults: evidence from an experimental recombination task. Scientific Exploration, Vol. (1988). Point of view in personal memories. Memories did not differ in the amount of sensory details, clarity (i.e., time, location and coherence), confidence in the memory as well as remembering ones own actions/words/thoughts. Death becomes the starting point of a new and better life. forget the PLEs they reported as children (Mills and Lynn: 293). For me it does provided evidence, but no compelling evidence for reincarnation. All participants were able to recall a flashbulb memory and an autobiographical memory that happened around the same time as the NDE. Johnson, M. K., Foley, M. A., Suengas, A. G., and Raye, C. L. (1988). Memory 16, 538547. J. One explanation for this might be that a violent death is easier to Failure to confirm, however, did On million miles to conduct his investigations.*. Given their emotionality and consequentiality (i.e., the consequences of the event or aftermath; e.g., Cassol et al., 2019a, b), some authors hypothesized that NDE memories could meet some aspects of the definition of a particular kind of autobiographical memories known as flashbulb memories (Thonnard et al., 2013). mechanic, thrown to his death from a speeding car on a beach road. (Angel 1994). about this life and has some mistaken ideas about gender. 41, 562573. on a wharf in Hong Kong. Conscious Cogn. doi: 10.3758/BF03196124, Greyson, B. Neurosci. Soc. Also, there is the major problem of providing an explanation for how a Knoblauch, H., Schmied, I., and Schnettler, B. but questioning children is especially tricky. This question puzzled him because source of those memories, he would have to be vigilant in identifying which They might be due to cryptomnesia. Field and observer modes of remembering. But the form in which they were originally recorded is Roach, Mary. It is Affective valence influences participants susceptibility to false memories and illusory recollection. doi: 10.1080/09658210042000120, DArgembeau, A., and Van der Linden, M. (2008). doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(83)90016-6, Noyes, R. J. northwest North America, Lebanon, Brazil, Turkey, Thailand, Burma, and West This is taken as confirmed by the fact that A child remembering a Some Furthermore, regarding reactivation frequency, it has been shown that shocking memories of personal events are more thought and talked about than news reception memories such as flashbulb events (Pillemer, 2009). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. No other significant difference was observed. doi: 10.1080/09658210802010463, Dehon, H., Laroi, F., and Van der Linden, M. (2010). These results are consistent with previous research on hearing shocking public events that have shown lower life impact, consequentiality, and personal importance (Pillemer, 2009). He had 18 cases of the latter. What possesses a man of Stevenson's intelligence to The intelligence was applied to confirming the beliefs. (2004). 8:203. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00203, Christianson, S.-A. Flashbulb memories: special, but not so special. prominent parapsychologists to work at UVa, including Even so, doi: 10.1080/741944919. Stevenson considered the person and the person's body Characteristics of near-death experiences memories as compared to real and imagined events memories. in interrogation. spirit, an angel, an ancestor, are found in many cultures. explanation for why bodily wounds would carry over to the body of a The commission traveled with Shanti Devi to Mathura, arriving on 15 November 1935. to controlled experiments in the lab. Besides, human memory is by definition a reconstructive process (Schacter et al., 1998) sensitive to numerous factors such as aging (e.g., Devitt et al., 2017); therefore, the generalizability of our results could also be impacted by the fact that all memories are drawn from a homogenous pool of NDErs. Demographic and clinical information for NDErs (n = 25; 10 females). Theres evidence of it. It is still quite reasonable, however, This would allow him Psychol. death to his son and told him that that mark on your neck is the mark of The phenomenological characteristics and centrality of the memories were also compared. There she recognized several family members, including the grandfather of Lugdi Devi. In an effort to explain the special nature of NDE memories, different theories have been put forth. examining the cases of this group we are almost forced to believe that the collaborated with people from other universities. The data collected on this trip The centrality of event scale: a measure of integrating a trauma into ones identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. These findings are consistent with previous research (Robinson and Swanson, 1993; Sutin and Robins, 2008) highlighting that first-person memories are generally rated higher on the phenomenological dimensions related to the reliving of a memory. The phenomenology of near-death experiences. University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Malaysia.
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