Dressing, J. David. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. The early Caribbean proved a massive disappointment for Spaniards, who had hoped to find mineral wealth and exploitable indigenous populations. In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. Since in central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica) and the highland Andes indigenous peoples had existing traditions of payment of tribute and required labor service, the Spanish could tap into these systems to extract wealth. PDF English, French, and Spanish Colonies: A Comparison - Granbury ISD The monarchy was abolished and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979. Caeque, Alejandro "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Weber, David J. Spalding, Karen. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. Columbuss colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. In Mexico, refining took place in haciendas de minas, where silver ore was refined into pure silver by amalgamation with mercury in what was known as the patio process. [1], The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. [113], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. Why didn't the spanish just leave the natives alone after the natives killed the men? The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. By maintaining hierarchical divisions within communities, indigenous noblemen were the direct interface between the indigenous and Spanish spheres and kept their positions so long as they continued to be loyal to the Spanish crown. Select the correct answer. Q3: Option B. Tribute goods in Mexico were most usually lengths of cotton cloth, woven by women, and maize and other foodstuffs produced by men. Lesson summary: The Spanish empire (article) | Khan Academy Permanent Spanish settlements were founded in New Mexico, starting in 1598, with Santa Fe founded in 1610. Preview this quiz on Quizizz. For other uses, see, Ecological conquests and demographic catastrophe, Assertion of royal control in the early Caribbean, Civil administrative districts, provinces, Frontier institutions presidio and mission, Early economy of indigenous tribute and labor. [41][a] For political reasons, Spain would sometimes claim that La Florida[b] was all of the North American continent. [148] Only the most valuable low bulk products would be exported. "[61] Reforms sought to centralize government control through reorganization of administration, reinvigorate the economies of Spain and the Spanish empire through changes in mercantile and fiscal policies, defend Spanish colonies and territorial claims through the establishment of a standing military, undermine the power of the Catholic church, and rein in the power of the American-born elites.[62]. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. After the 1550s, the crown increasingly favored the diocesan clergy over the religious orders. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asuncin (1537); Potos (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumn (1553). Queen Isabel put an end to formal slavery, declaring the indigenous to be vassals of the crown, but Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor continued. Spanish land in America was divided into small units, and each unit was run by a(n . [140] In the Andes, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revived the indigenous rotary labor system of the mita to supply labor for silver mining. There were few permanent settlements, but Spaniards settled the coastal islands of Cubagua and Margarita to exploit the pearl beds. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. Aguirre subsequently wrote a letter to Philip II bitterly complaining about the treatment of conquerors like himself in the wake of the assertion of crown control over Peru. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico. London, England: Penguin Classics. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. "Nicols de Ovando" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGngora1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLagos_Carmona1985 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoria_general_de_Espaa1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (. The Viceroyalty of Per was established in 1542. Where getting that wealth required human labor, they enslaved the local people. Rowe, John. The diocesan clergy) (also called the secular clergy were under the direct authority of bishops, who were appointed by the crown, through the power granted by the pope in the Patronato Real. Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. I believe the caste system in new spain decided who got certain rights and not. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. AMH2010 InQuizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Within this frontier the city of Concepcin assumed the role of "military capital" of Spanish-ruled Chile. Often they erected a church on the site of an indigenous temple. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. [46] In 1561, Pedro de Ursa led an expedition of some 370 Spanish (including women and children) into Amazonia to search for El Dorado. 30 seconds. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. The crown had authority to draw the boundaries for dioceses and parishes. The bishop challenged the Jesuits' continuing to hold Indian parishes and function as priests without the required royal licenses. Spanish explorers claimed land for the crown in the modern-day states of Alabama, Arizona, the Carolinas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, and California. 1 (2012): 26-40. Bartolom de Las Casas was a prolific writer. Direct link to jonathand0412's post Why did the Spanish choos, Posted 3 years ago. When the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans for Columbus's voyage to reach "the Indies" by sailing West, the funding came from the queen of Castile. In central Mexico, there exist minutes of the sixteenth-century meetings in Nahuatl of the Tlaxcala cabildo. as Spaniards expanded their control over territories and their indigenous populations. answer choices. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. The second factor was the disease. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. This is not a fabrication; indigenous death to such diseases claimed around 50% in Tenochtitlan and up to 90% elsewhere on the continent. The Spanish expansion has sometimes been succinctly summed up as being motivated by "gold, glory, God," that is, the search for material wealth, the enhancement of the conquerors' and the crown's position, and the expansion of Christianity to the exclusion of other religious traditions. Muldoon, James. What events in the timeline affected the development of government in the thirteen colonies--. [15], Spaniards spent over 25 years in the Caribbean where their initial high hopes of dazzling wealth gave way to continuing exploitation of disappearing indigenous populations, exhaustion of local gold mines, initiation of cane sugar cultivation as an export product, and forced migration of enslaved Africans as a labor force. [77] Upon their failure to effectively protect the indigenous and following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru, more stringent laws to control conquerors' and settlers' exercise of power, especially their maltreatment of the indigenous populations, were promulgated, known as the New Laws (1542).
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