This index has been used in previous literature as a proxy of SDG17 (Saint Akadiri et al. The globalization variables are between 0100, and 100 refers to the highest globalization level. (Eds.). Migration is also another fact to take into account. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. In some cases, this may contribute to improved health by enabling a more varied and healthier diet; in others, it is blamed for increases in unhealthy food consumption and diabetes.DownsidesNot everything about globalization is beneficial. Competition Competition in the market is largely due to globalization. & Acaravci, A. Polity IV Project: Political regime characteristics and transitions, 18002002: Dataset users manual. The hope is that increased global trade will lead to more competition, which will spread wealth more equally. The determinants of mortality. Following this study, Or (2000) analyzed the determinants of health outcomes in 21 industrialized OECD countries covering the period 19701992. Globalization and government policy independence: The issue of taxation. After this, the long-run coefficients will be estimated using the continuous-updated fully modified (CUP-FM) estimator developed by Bai and Kao (2006) and Bias-adjusted OLS estimator developed by Westerlund (2007). Globalization is defined for individuals as their connectivity in global networks. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 4, \({\stackrel{\sim }{\beta }}_{i}\) and \({\overbrace{\beta }}_{WFE},\) respectively, indicate the parameters obtained from pooled OLS and weighted fixed effects estimation, while \({M}_{T}\) is the identity matrix. Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Those studies are mostly addressed the relationship between SDG7, SDG8, SDG13, and SDG17 (Zafar et al. Patterson and Veenstra (2016) concluded that electoral democracies provide better health conditions compared to other countries. The effects of globalization on growth were mostly driven by free trade, international specialization, technology transfers, knowledge spillovers, and competitive markets. There are approaches known as the unequal exchange that globalization increases inequality among countries and that developed countries are more profitable from the globalization process (Love, 1980). Maximum lag level is determined as 3, while optimum lag level is determined by F joint test from general to particular. 4. Book The Review of International Organizations, 14, 543574. Kabir (2008) analyzed the determinants of life expectancy in 91 developing countries. Pesaran and Yamagata (2008) proposed a method to examine slope heterogeneity in panel data analysis based on the Swamy (1970)s random coefficient model. Review of International Economics, 16(3), 516536. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne dtudes du dveloppement, 20(1), 929. Estimating cointegrated panels with common factors and the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis. At this point, the literature is divided into two parts. The journal of Politics, 74(2), 541557. Judge, K. (1995). Models 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the estimations with overall, economic, social, and political globalization indexes, respectively. Globalization and growth. When trade liberalization and income increases are considered together, people's access to treatments and medications can be easier and life expectancy may be prolonged. Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. Trade openness is one of the most important dimensions of globalization. Therefore, the positive impact of globalization on health first emerged with its positive effects on economic growth (Labont et al. The stata journal, 6(4), 482496. As shown in Fig. Part of. OECD Economic Studies, 1, 5378. But today there are improved treatment methods to solve these problems. This aspect of globalization shows that not all change is good because although foreign trade has been created and expanded allowing the exchange of goods throughout the world, it is also the cause of the increase in tariff rates in many developing countries. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 38, 311323. For more than 1,500 years, Europeans traded glass and manufactured goods for Chinese silk and spices, contributing to a global economy in which both Europe and Asia became accustomed to goods from far away. Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Westerlund, J. Sustainable Development, 27(4), 545572. Because of its importance, health-related goals have an important place both among the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) announced by the United Nations. While the increases in this indicator represent a more democratic regime, the decreases represent a more autocratic regime. cultural globalization, phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization of cultural expressions around the world. Poverty is detrimental to access to health services. Empirical results show that people living in democracies enjoy better health conditions such as longer life expectancy, better maternal health, and lower child mortality. The democracy variable (dem) is provided from the Polity IV project dataset (Marshall and Jaggers 2002). American Economic Review, 105(5), 100104. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 5093. According to the KOF Globalization Index published by the Swiss Economic Institute (2020), low-income countries have the lowest globalization level compared to other income groups. . By minimizing the BIC, we obtain \(\widehat{k}\). As part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), U.S. automobile companies relocated their operations to Mexico, where labor costs are lower. The relative instability of many African nations is cited by experts as one of the reasons why Africa has not benefited from globalization as much as countries in Asia and Latin America.Benefits of GlobalizationGlobalization provides businesses with a competitive advantage by allowing them to source raw materials where they are inexpensive. The garment industry in Bangladesh, for instance, employs an estimated four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day. (2014). Product sales Or, Z. Second, although rapidly increasing consumption options and diversity are known as welfare indicators, they also can cause stress which is known as an important determinant of many diseases both psychological and physical (Cutler et al. 71112. Another finding in this study shows that health expenditures in those countries failed to increase life expectancy. Berger cited the antismoking movement as a case in point: the movement began as a singular North American preoccupation in the 1970s and subsequently spread to other parts of the world, traveling along the contours of academes global network. 2006). They committed their nations to a new international partnership to achieve some development targets having with the final deadline of 2015. A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. CAS 2014). Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (2015). In the selection of panel data estimation methods, the results of those preliminary analysis are taken into account. The findings obtained from our study show that economic, social, and political integration of countries and democracy accelerate the process of achieving a healthier society. As pointed out by Swedish anthropologist Ulf Hannerz, this group advocates a view of global culture based not on the replication of uniformity but on the organization of diversity. Often promoting this view are nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that lead efforts to preserve cultural traditions in the developing world. Thus, resources can be allocated to solve important public issues such as quality of life, communicable diseases, and mortality. Consumers also have access to a wider variety of goods. Barlow and Vissandjee (1999) examined the determinants of life expectancy with cross-sectional data available in 1990 for 77 developed and developing countries. Another example of this kind of diversity of By the beginning of the 21st century, institutions such as Cultural Survival were operating on a world scale, drawing attention to indigenous groups who are encouraged to perceive themselves as first peoplesa new global designation emphasizing common experiences of exploitation among indigenous inhabitants of all lands. 2022. In Eq. Social globalization also provides cultural integration among the worlds people, and it changes lifestyles and consumption patterns worldwide. Both of the estimators require cointegrated variables in the long run. A Historical View Globalization is not new. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Bulletin of the world Health Organization, 79, 827833. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study that investigates the relationship between SDG3 and SDG17. The main problem of economics is to increase economic development and social welfare. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate whether two sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the UN are contradictory or supporting each other in low-income countries. One of the most critical negative effects of globalization deals with the gap between social layers ("Globalization," 2015). The effect of democracy on life expectancy is also positive and significant at 1% which confirms the findings of Franco et al. Health in 2015: from MDGs to SDGs 2015. Many businesses located in the United States have outsourced their call centers or information technology services to companies in India. Owen and Wu (2007) found a positive relationship between trade openness and health outcomes using a panel of 219 countries. There is a long-run relationship between life expectancy, globalization, democracy, and GDP per capita. (2000). Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media in Globalization The massive number of ideas that people share through such platforms as Twitter and Facebook has noticeably influenced a change in lifestyles, preferences, political ideologies and academic achievements, both for the positive and negative. Therefore, in order to determine the existence of a long-run relationship, we applied Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) panel cointegration test. These SDGs are Good Health and Well-Being (SDG3) and Partnerships for the Goals (SDG17). The changes created by social and political globalization play a major role in this emergence. (2019). Another negative effect of globalization is trade. As Dreher (2006) mentioned, despite its possible inequality effects, the net effect of globalization on development is mostly positive and our empirical work supports that idea. Individuals living in developed countries live a healthier life compared to those living in less developed countries. Swamy, P. A. In their study, they used life expectancy at birth and child mortality variables for 146 countries as indicators of health outcomes. The resulting spread of slavery demonstrates that globalization can hurt people just as easily as it can connect people.The rate of globalization has increased in recent years, a result of rapid advancements in communication and transportation. Owen, A. L., & Wu, S. (2007). This poor performance is in part due to social and political instability and with conflicts between the rights of individuals verses the interest of cultural groups. Therefore, economic development and improvement of health conditions represent a two-way process. When these countries are examined, it is seen that 14 of them are countries in the low and lower-middle income groups. The current version of the data published by the Swiss Economic Institute is revised by Gygli et al. The results of homogeneity tests developed by Pesaran and Yamagata (2008) are given in Table 2. Health in an age of globalization (No. (2016). The previous literature provides a lack of evidence in the context of globalization, democracy, and life expectancy relationship. In economics, globalization can be defined as the process in which businesses, organizations, and countries begin operating on an international scale. In this study, the effects of globalization and democracy on life expectancy are empirically investigated in low-income countries. Buss (2002) claimed that the intellectual property rights of advanced drugs belong to private firms in developed countries, and because of the strong protection of property rights, less developed countries have trouble accessing them. Politics and population health: Testing the impact of electoral democracy. 2020). As the standard of living increased, more children of poor families left work and attended school.Consumers benefit too. Econometric analysis of panel data. (2019b). (2011). The effects of globalization on growth were mostly driven by free trade, international specialization, technology transfers, knowledge spillovers, and competitive markets. Individuals living in countries with high per capita income are expected to have higher welfare and have a longer life expectancy (Judge, 1995). Governments that know the international sanctions required by these violations have to be more cautious against human rights violations. Baltagi, B. Another linkage can be established through accountability (Besley and Kudamatsu 2006). Technology, goods, investments, information, and services along with the labor market are the most popular components of such activity. Culture, which consists of traits of specific groups of people such as language, religion, cuisine, and social habits, is significantly impacted. The GDP per capita that used as a control variable has a positive impact on life expectancy at a 1% level. There are a few studies that came with the conclusion that globalization rises inequality (Dreher and Gaston 2008; Ha 2012), but Bergh and Nilsson (2010) suggested a different perspective. In addition, in the error terms obtained from models 1, 2, 3, and 4 the null of no cross-sectional dependence is rejected at 1%. It is also important to examine this relationship in low-income countries since they still suffer from low levels of life expectancy, less adaptation to globalization, and poor democratic institutions compared to other income groups. According to the results, the null of homogeneity is accepted at %1 in all models. It has been observed in the literature that possible contradictions between these goals are ignored. \({\stackrel{\sim }{\Delta }}_{adj}\) is a bias-adjusted version of \(\stackrel{\sim }{\Delta }\). Besides being one of the indicators of development, it is one of the determinants of human capital formation which is necessary for economic development. CESifo Working Paper (No. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. While the differences between the levels of development of countries determine the health conditions, at the same time, improvement of public health paves the way for economic development. Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., & Godbole, S. V. (2011). The case study of Port Elizabeth is used to chart some of these changes. The ignorance of cross-sectional dependence results in biased and inconsistent estimates and wrong inferences (De Hoyos and Sarafidis 2006; Chudik and Pesaran 2013). Following this, Besley and Kudamatsu (2006) investigated the nexus between democracy and health outcomes utilizing panel data from the 1960s to the 2000s. Does globalization affect growth? While globalization has been used as an indicator of the partnership between countries, democracy has been used as an indicator of accountability and cooperation between governments and societies. What Are the Effects of Globalization on the Environment? Constant and trend are both considered in the analysis of cointegration, and critical values are obtained from 5000 bootstrap replications. These days we experience the coronavirus epidemic and we see once again the importance of globalization.
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