Download to read offline. [13] The Ming was thought of as the last true Sino culture (). In a cultural sense, Sinocentrism can refer to the tendency among both Chinese and foreigners to regard the culture of China as more ancient than or superior to other cultures. In the years 15921593, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, having unified Japan, tried to conquer Korea as a prelude to conquering Ming China. 3.Pinaniniwalaan din nila na ang kanilang kultura ay kabihasnan ang natatangi sa lahat. Aralin tungkol sa Sinocentrism Ng China, Divine Origin ng Japan, Devaraja at Cackravartin ng India at Timog-Silangang Asya This trend of thought was known in Chinese as xi xue zhong yuan (Chinese: ; pinyin: Xxu Zhng yun; lit. Beyond the circle of tributary states were countries in a trading relationship with China. The Treaty of Tianjin (1858), ratified in October 1860, guaranteed freedom of religion in China, legalized the opium trade and granted England additional territory in Kowloon. Katangian ng mga Pilipino ang pagsagot ng po at opo kapag nakikipag-usap sa matatanda tulad ng lolo at lola. Isinasaalang-alang ng may-akda na ang etnocentrism ay isang kababalaghan na katulad ng iba pang mga ideya tulad ng geocentrism o anthropocentrism, kaya naisip niya na ito ay isang ilusyon. Kanilang kultura at lipunan ay namumukod-tangi sa lahat kung kayat ang tingin nila sa ibang lahi sa daigdig ay may barbaro. fAraling Panlipunan 8 Ikalawang Markahan CHINA AT SINOCENTRISM Ang paniniwala na ang mga tao na kabilang sa sariling kultura ay higit sa iba dahil sa lahi. Ang mga taong may pananaw na ito ay naniniwala na ang kultura ng bansang Asyano na ito ang siyang nakakaimpluwensya sa pag-unlad ng lahat ng iba pa. Ang ilan sa mga ebidensya na ipinagtanggol ng mga nasyonalistang Indian ay, halimbawa, na ang kultura ng bansang ito ang pinakalumang naitala sa isang makasaysayang antas; o ang Hinduismo, ang pinakalumang relihiyon na ginagawa pa rin ngayon, nagmula sa India. In 1815, Gia Long claimed 13 countries as Vietnamese vassals, including Luang Prabang, Vientiane, Burma, Tran Ninh in eastern Laos, and two countries called "Thy X Quc" and "Ha X Quc", which were actually Malayo-Polynesian Jarai tribes living between Vietnam and Cambodia. [citation needed] This was partly due to the fact that sustained contact between the Chinese Empire and other empires of the pre-modern period was limited. AP(Sinocentrism ng Tsina) Flashcards | Quizlet Ethnocentrism: kasaysayan, katangian, uri, halimbawa Susunod ay makikita natin ang ilan sa mga pinakamahalagang katangian nito. The successive dynasties in China's history were Sinocentric in the sense that they regarded Chinese civilization to be universal in its reach and application. Vietnam (i Vit) had an intimate but not always peaceful relationship with China. [5] Areas not under Sinocentric influence were called Huawai zhi di (; "lands outside of civilization"). Ang Sinocentrism ay isang pagtukoy sa ideolohiya na ang Tsina ang sentro ng kultura ng mundo. "[21] These policies were directed at the Khmer and hill tribes. [45] Sri Lanka, like Japan, was considered yuanyi (remote foreigners; ) in jueyu (remote territories; ) under the Imperial Chinese Tributary System. Bagaman hindi ito isang bagay na palaging dapat mangyari, sa karamihan ng mga kaso kung saan mayroong etnocentrism, nagmumula ito sa kamay ng iba pang negatibong mga kababalaghan, tulad ng pagkakaroon ng mga biases at pagpapasya tungkol sa ibang mga kultura. SINOCENTRISM paniniwala ng mga Tsino na ang China ang pinakasentro ng daigdig. Originally the center was synonymous with the Zhongyuan, an area that was expanded through invasion and conquest over many centuries. Find the answer to the question here: 9. Local ethnic minorities were not regarded as "foreign countries". 823 plays. Super resource. Only China had an emperor, or huangdi (), who was the Son of Heaven and had divine qualities; rulers of other countries were given lesser titles such as king or Wang (). AP-CURRICULUM GUIDE_7-10.docx - Araling Panlipunan However, they were governed by their native leaders called tusi, subject to recognition by the Chinese court, and were exempt from the Chinese bureaucratic system. Tinukoy nila ang kanilang bansa bilang "Gitnang Kaharian". Sinocentrism () is any ethnocentric political ideology that regards China to be central or unique relative to other countries. [6] Chinese emperors were considered the Son of Heaven. [clarification needed] These embassies were sent to China on 19 occasions. Vietnam was under Chinese rule for approximately one thousand years before gaining independence in the tenth century. After Japan defeated China in the First (1894-1895) and Second Sino-Japanese Wars (1937-1945), the Japanese insisted for several decades on using the name Shina () for China, based on the Western word "China," in preference to the name Chgoku (, "Central Country") advocated by the Chinese themselves. [56] Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Xi Jinping has called for a 'pan-Asian security concept', which has been compared to Imperial Japan by commentators. Ang Tsina ang pinakamalaging Bansa sa Asya Katagiang Pisikal Lambak Bagaman sa pangkalahatan ay itinuturing na si William G. Sumner na taga-simula ng term, ang katotohanan ay una itong ginamit ng sosyologo ng Austrian na si Ludwig Gumplowicz noong ika-19 na siglo. Thank you po tysm thanks i hope you got the answer po ty Sinocentrism katangian pagkakakilanlan. Paggalang. [41] Wei Yuan, the 19th century Chinese scholar, considered Thailand to be the strongest and most loyal of China's Southeast Asian tributaries, citing the time when Thailand offered to directly attack Japan to divert the Japanese in their planned invasions of Korea and the Asian mainland, as well as other acts of loyalty to the Ming dynasty. The capitulation of the Qin government to foreign powers, the unequal treaties, and the Treaty of Versailles, which gave Chinese territory taken by the Germans during World War I to the Japanese, roused public sentiment against the government and led eventually to the rise of the Nationalist Party and then the Chinese Communist Party. Step : 2 Japan: [34] The Chinese Qin and Han dynasty state clothing was ordered to be adopted by Vietnamese military and bureaucrats since Vietnam under Triu rule Triu (179 BC).[35]. Naniniwala silang ang kanilang kultura, tradisyon, pulitika, at pamumuhay ang kailangang tularan ng lahat ng tao dahil ito ang tama. Ilarawan at isulat ang katangian ng namumuno sa bawat kabihasnang Asyano. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sinocentrism, Divine Origin, Inazami at Izanagi and more. Salitang Espanyol na ang kahulugan ay ang pagmamahal sa sarili o pagpapahalaga sa sarili. Vietnamese merchants along with Chinese merchants had the important roles in spreading of Hanzi and Confucianism to the world. Sinocentrism refers to the worldview that China is the cultural, political, or economic center of the world. Tsina ang sentro ng daigdig 2. The Japanese are described in Chinas Book of Han (, ), completed in 111 C.E. The Chinese, who were unwilling to recognize Vietnam as a successor to the Southern Yue state, altered this to Vit Nam ( South of Yue). 2. Tamang sagot sa tanong: ON sa Gawain Pagkatuto Bilag 3: Tukuyin at isulat ang mga katangiang pagkakakilanlan ng bawat kaisipang Asyano. ROSE LLAGAS. Kaya, ang kababalaghan na ito ay matatagpuan sa iba't ibang paraan sa bansang ito ng kontinente ng Amerika. Similarly, the Manchu Qing Dynasty regarded the initial wave of European incursions during the mid-nineteenth century as "barbarians.". Tamang sagot sa tanong: Anong bansa ay hindi nakipagkalakalan - studystoph.com Araling Panlipunan, 28.10.2019 15:29, joviecar Katangian ng sinocentrism at mandate of heaven [citation needed], After Goguryeo was collapsed by the allied forces of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and the Tang dynasty in 668, Silla, now being the sole ruler of Korean peninsula, more readily started the tribute system between Silla and Tang. Vietnam persistently identified itself as the "Kingdom of the South" in relation to China in the north, as represented in this line from a poem (in Chinese) by General L Thng Kit (10191105): "Over mountains and rivers of the South reigns the Emperor of the South.". [citation needed], Unlike East Asian states, which communicated in written Chinese, Burma used a different written language in its communications with China. Thank you for being Super. Later scholars picked up this theme, notably Aizawa Seishisai in his political tract Shinron (, "New Theses") in 1825. This often involves regarding neighboring countries as mere cultural offshoots of China. the state of Nu in Wo sent emissaries to the Later Han court, and received a gold seal from the emperor. Surrounding states such as Japan (which cut off its vassal relationship with China during the Asuka period, because it regarded itself as an equal and individual culture), Korea, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Vietnam were regarded as vassals of China. and covering the period of Chinese history from 206 B.C.E. Countries wishing to trade with China were required to submit to a suzerain-vassal relationship with the Chinese sovereign. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. [23] The Nguyen Lords established n in after 1790. The southeastern barbarians included some of the major states of East Asia and Southeast Asia, such as Korea, Japan, the Ryky Kingdom, Annam, Cambodia, Vietnam, Siam, Champa, and Java. However, the attitudes of the various tributary nations towards China varied according to their political strength and physical distance from China. Sa ganitong paraan, sa pangkalahatan ay inilalapat nila ang isang malaking bilang ng mga stereotypes at naniniwala sa kanilang sarili na may karapatan na ibigay ang iba pa batay sa kanilang lugar na pinagmulan. Liu was therefore arguing against the idea that the Chinese were and are superior to other people. ETHNOCENTRISM: KASAYSAYAN, KATANGIAN, URI, HALIMBAWA - TALASALITAAN NG KULTURA - 2023, Paghuhukom ng iba pang mga kultura batay sa sarili, Ang hitsura ng mga biases, prejudice at racism, Cognitive Scaffold: Mga Katangian, Mga Halimbawa at Uri, Andrei Sakharov: talambuhay, kontribusyon at gawa, Androcentrism: mga katangian, pagkakaroon ng kasaysayan at agham, halimbawa, Mga Anekdot: Mga Katangian, Uri at Mga Halimbawa, Ano ang isang itim na anghel? Sa Sinocentrism ng mga Tsino, sinasibing ang kanilang emperor ay binibilang n "Anak ng Langit" o Son of Heaven" kaya ang pamumuno ng emperor ay "mandate of heaven" o may pahintulot ng langit. 2. During the Tokugawa era, centering on the study of kokugaku (, native studies), a movement emerged to reconstruct and recover the authentic native roots of Japanese culture, particularly Shinto, and exclude later elements borrowed from China. Sa pag-uwi, sasabihin niya sa mga malapit sa kanya kung gaano mas mababa ang mga katutubo ng mga lupang binisita niya ay, dahil ang kanilang mga kaugalian ay kakaiba at naiiba sa kanyang sarili. The Chinese considered themselves to be "all-under-Heaven", ruled by the emperor, known as Son of Heaven. Wei Chn, On Ricci's Fallacies to Deceive the World (Li shuo huang-t'ang huo-shih p'ien), quoted in: George H. C. Wong, China's Opposition to Western Science during Late Ming and Early Ch'ing, Zhou Songfang, "Lun Liu Ji de Yimin Xintai" (On Liu Ji's Mentality as a Dweller of Subjugated Empire) in, Lu Xun [] (1981), Lu Xun Quanji (, Collected Works of Lu Xun), 16 volumes, Renmin Chubanshe, Beijing, HuaYi distinction Conceptualisation of the HuaYi distinction in the Sinosphere. Ethnocentrism: Kasaysayan, Katangian, Uri, Halimbawa - Talasalitaan Ng Tsushima Island was also a tributary of the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties of Korea. The Chinese have abandoned the idea of xi xue zhong yuan since the early 20th century. [14], Sinocentrism waned further after Britain militarily defeated Qing China in the Second Opium War, creating an influx of Western culture with the decline of the Qing dynasty. Tamang sagot sa tanong: Bakit apektado ng pagkonsumo ang pang-araw-araw na buhay ng tao - studystoph.com Mga Kaisipang Asyano sa Pagbuo ng Imperyo Ang China at ang Sinocentrism. In adopting Chinese customs, the Vietnamese court also began to adopt Sinocentric world view during the expanding Later L and Nguyn dynasties. [19], Vietnamese Nguyen Emperor Minh Mng sinicized ethnic minorities such as Khmer and Cham, claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China's Han dynasty for Vietnam, and used the term Han people (Hn nhn) to refer to the Vietnamese. [1] It may be considered analogous to Eurocentrism. Relations between the Chinese Empire and these peoples were interpreted as tributary relationships under which these countries offered tributes to the Emperor of China. Kaisipang asyano katangian ng sinaunang namumuno sinocentrism divine origin devaraja cakravartin. Katangian Ng Kaisipang Sinocentrism - katangian toetra In a famous attack on Sinocentrism and its associated beliefs, The True Story of Ah Q (1921) by Lu Xun, the character Ah Q is a satirized representation of the national character, believing that everyone different from himself is inferior and a barbarian, and interpreting humiliations and defeats as "spiritual victories.". Japanese scholars have been active crticis of what they term Chka shis (), loosely meaning "zhonghua ideology." In exchange, tributary missions were presented with return bestowals (; huc). [11] The relationship continued until the Mongol invasions of Korea and the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty where the two kingdoms fell, leading to the rise of the Yuan dynasty. sa: World Atlas. "Trung Quc" was used as a name for Vietnam by Emperor Gia Long in 1805. Social Studies. Kadalasan, ang mga paghatol sa halaga na nagmula sa etnocentrism ay bumubuo ng mga salungatan at hindi pagkakaunawaan sa pagitan ng iba't ibang mga grupo; bagaman kung nauunawaan ang hindi pangkaraniwang bagay na ito, posible na maiwasan ang mga problemang ito nang labis. - Ang etnocentrism sa lahi. The period between the end of the First Opium War and the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 was known as the century of humiliation (bainian guochi). Within Asia, the cultural and economic centrality of China was recognized, and most countries submitted to the Sinocentric model, if only to enjoy the benefits of a trading relationship. 'Western knowledge has Chinese origins'). ano ang katangian ng sinocentrism - Brainly.ph Combined with Shinto, came the concept of "Shinkoku/the Divine Kingdom (). For ethnocentric attitudes among ethnic Han within China, see. Aralin 7 Mga bagay at kaisipang pinagbatayan sa pagkilala - SlideShare While Sinocentrism is usually identified as a political structure of international relationships, it possessed an important economic aspect. Ungraded . Ang natitirang mga umiiral na kultura sa mundo ay magiging mas mahusay o mas masahol pa depende sa kung gaano sila kahawig ng pinagmulan ng indibidwal na etnocentric. Ngayon, ang uri ng etnocentrism ay laganap pa rin. Ang Sinocentrism ng China ay naniniwalang China ang sentro ng daigdig at ang kanilang sining at kultura ay bukod tangi sa lahat ng mga ideya. Katangian ng mga Pilipino. Sinocentrism,Divine Origin,Devaraja Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 39 Ano ang mga bagay at isipang pinagbatayan sa pagkikilalal ng sinaunang kabihasnan? Kaisipang Asyano Katangian Ng Sinaunang Namumuno Sinocentrism - Blogger After official investiture () of a national ruler, missions from that country were allowed to come to China to pay tribute () to the Chinese emperor. K - 3rd grade . In an ironic affirmation of the spirit of Sinocentrism, claims were even heard that the Japanese, not the Chinese, were the legitimate heirs of Chinese culture. Under the Ming Dynasty, when the tribute system entered its peak, these states were classified into a number of groups. Nang dahil sa pagbiglang taas ng presyo ng surgical face mask sa panahon ngCovid-19, kaya ang mga mananahi ay gumawa at nagbenta ng cloth-made Other scholars picked this up, notably Aizawa Seishisai, an adherent of the Mito School, in his political tract Shinron ( New Theses) in 1825. ARALING PANLIPUNAN II (Effective Alternative Secondary Education Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Furno709 Terms in this set (39) Sinocentrism,Divine Origin,Devaraja [citation needed], The Joseon dynasty (13921910) encouraged the entrenchment of Korean Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society and again willingly entered into the Sinocentric system. [22] The Nguyen lord Nguyen Phuc Chu had referred to Vietnamese as "Han people" in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams. Nakuha noong: Oktubre 08, 2019 mula sa World Atlas: worldatlas.com. [17] Thanh nhn or ng nhn were used to refer to ethnic Chinese by the Vietnamese while Vietnamese called themselves as Hn dn and Hn nhn in Vietnam during the 1800s under Nguyn rule. Mga katangian ng etnocentrism. Tamang sagot sa tanong: BUKAS NA PASAHAN NAMIN KAYU KAILAN? SINOCENTRISM The ideology that China is the cultural, political or economic center of the world. Study with Quizlet and . Sinocentrism b. Divine origin c. Devaraja d. Cakravartin _____23. [citation needed]. Soon after the weakening of Yuan dynasty, Goryeo retook their lost territories from the Yuan dynasty by military campaigns and regained her sovereign rights. 3. . The Jinnshtki (, "Chronicle of the Direct Descent of the Divine Sovereigns"), written between 1339 and 1343 by Kitabatake Chikafusa, emphasized the divine descent of the imperial line and Japans spiritual supremacy over China and India. Irral Jano Follow. Beyond the circle of tributary states were countries which were involved in a trading relationship with China. While China consistently regarded Burma as a vassal, Burmese records indicate that Burma considered itself as China's equal. Kabihasnan at Kaisipang Asyano | Social Studies - Quizizz [48] The rejection of the Chinese Emperor to the British overtures and the British refusal to kowtow to the Emperor has passed into legend in British and Chinese folklore. [18], Chinese style clothing was forced on Vietnamese people by the Nguyn. [40], Thailand was subordinate to China as a tributary state from the Sui dynasty until the Taiping Rebellion of the late Qing dynasty in the mid-19th century. Answer. Some Koreans especially those who studied abroad saw a need for reforms and associated Western civilization with modernization.[11]. China at Sinocentrism - The 7th Grader Mga katangian ng etnocentrism. Sinocentrism was invented and used as a political ideology to achieve domestic unity and justify domination over neighboring countries. Ang paniniwala na ang sariling relihiyon ay ang tanging may bisa at tunay, na ang mga nagsasabing ibang pananampalataya ay ignorante o hindi edukado. Araling Panlipunan -Curriculum Guide Baitang 7 -ARALING ASYANO "Zhendan" originated in a transcription of the Sanskrit word for China, , cnasthna. Bilang karagdagan, sa maraming okasyon ang ganitong paraan ng pag-iisip ay nagtatapos din na nagiging sanhi ng rasismo. Sa ganitong paraan, kapag nangyayari ang etnocentrism, ang kultura mismo ay nagiging bakuran laban sa kung saan ang lahat ng iba pang mga grupo sa planeta ay hinuhusgahan. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Ang termino ay tinukoy sa modernong anyo ng American sociologist na si William G. Sumner, na unang inilapat ito sa larangan ng agham panlipunan. In 1401, during the Muromachi period (), the shgun Yoshimitsu () restarted the lapsed tribute system (1401), describing himself in a letter to the Chinese Emperor as "Your subject, the King of Japan" while also a subject of the Japanese Emperor. Another anti-Sinocentric name for China used by Buddhists was "country of the Han" (; ; Hn-gu) or "region of the Han". A.P. Ajang | PDF - Scribd Pa help naman po.pasahan Kona po kasi mamayang 4.Grade 7 po Answer. As a result, China adopted the Westphalian system of equal independent states. China in Transition: Sinocentrism or Paranoia? [55] However, some historians, such as John Friend and Bradley Thayer believe there are individuals in the Chinese government who doggedly hold onto Sinocentric beliefs. Kaisipang Asyano Katangian/Pagkakakilanlan 1. SINOCENTRISM Tsina ANG CHINA BILANG GITNANG KAHARIAN Ang sinaunang kabihasnan ng Tsino ay hango sa mga turo ng pilosopong si CONFUCIUS. Jose Rabasa, Masayuki Sato, Edoardo Tortarolo, Daniel Woolf - 1400-1800, page 2. [2] However, the concept of Sinocentrism became unpopular following the humiliation of China by Western and Japanese powers in the 19th century. Sinocentrism refers to the worldview that China is the cultural, political, or economic center of the world. Sa mga panahong hindi pa makabago, ang paniniwalang ito ay naipaloob sa ideya na ang Tsina lamang ang tunay na sibilisasyon sa buong mundo . The Xianbei empires during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, for example, regarded the Han Chinese regimes of southern China as "barbarians" because they refused to submit to Xianbei rule. Trade was also permitted at land frontiers and specified ports. 30 s. Q9. It was during this period that Chinese hegemony was most impactful on Kandyan politics and commerce. This is commonly believed as the origin of the name Nihon (source of the sun), although the actual characters for Nihon () were not used. Tatlong katangian ng sinocentrism, devine origin, devaraja, at cakravartin. Sinocentrism - Edukasyon - 2023 Katangian ng mga Pilipino | Social Studies - Quizizz Sa mga bansang tulad ng Mexico, na nagdusa mula sa paghahalo ng lubos na magkakaibang kultura sa panahon ng pananakop ng Espanya, ang etnocentrism ay gumaganap ng isang napakahalagang papel kahit ngayon. Special licences were issued to merchants accompanying these missions to carry out trade. Vietnam persistently identified itself in relation to China, regarding itself as the kingdom of the south as against China in the north, as seen in this line from a poem (in Classical Chinese) by General L Thng Kit () (10191105): Nam Quc sn h Nam c. . "Ano ang Ethnocentrism?" Nabibigyang kahulugan ang konsepto AP7KSA-IIb-1.3 Individual Activity 12 pagkilala sa sinaunang kabihasnan ng kabihasnan at nailalahad ang mga Gawain 8:Kabihasnan-Ano katangian nito. that Confucius and Yan Hui were avatars of the Buddha, and that Confucianism was merely an offshoot of Buddhism. Worldview centred on or biased towards Chinese civilisation, This article is about the diplomatic system and state ideology. [42] Thailand was welcoming and open to Chinese immigrants, who dominated commerce and trade, and achieved high positions in the government. Sa seksyong ito titingnan natin ang ilan sa mga pinakamahalagang uri ng etnocentrism ngayon. Bilang karagdagan, ang mga pag-aaral sa mga patlang tulad ng sikolohiyang panlipunan ay nakumpirma na ang pagkakaroon ng isang malaking bahagi ng mga mekanismo ng pag-iisip na sinasabing maiugnay sa ganitong paraan ng pag-iisip. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Cultural Sinocentrism refers to the tendency to regard neighboring countries as mere cultural offshoots of China, and to deny the uniqueness or validity of surrounding countries as separate cultures. "Gitnang Kaharian" Pinaniniwalaan din nila na ang kanilang kultura at kabihasnan ang natatangi sa lahat. Sinocentrism, unlike Han chauvinism ( ), did not necessarily have a racial basis in Han Chinese ethnicity. 7 months ago by . a. Maunlad na kaisipan b. . Sinocentrism is not synonymous with Chinese nationalism (zhonghua minzu). [39] Subsequently, Japan often used the names "China" and "Huaxia" to refer to itself.[39]. Ang saloobin na ito ay hindi isinasaalang-alang ang mahusay na pagkakaiba-iba na umiiral sa mundo sa mga tuntunin ng mga lipunan at ang kanilang mga paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos. Ang Japanocentrism ay isang hanay ng mga paniniwala na kung saan ang pinakamahalaga ay ang Japan ay, o dapat ay, ang sentro ng mundo. Chinese influence waned as French influence rose in the 19th century, and Vietnam eventually abolished the Imperial examinations and stopped using Ch Hn and the related Ch Nm script in the 20th century in official. Answers: 3 question Bakit mahalagang matutunan natin ang mga mabuting-asal at mga gawain sa loob ng ating tahanan AP 2nd Quarter (Sinocentrism,Divine Origin,Devaraja) The o di was created when tucks which were close fitting and compact were added in the 1920s to this Chinese style. 2023 Copyright ETHNOCENTRISM: KASAYSAYAN, KATANGIAN, URI, HALIMBAWA - TALASALITAAN NG KULTURA - 2023 2023.
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