There was no common view among the FG participants on the answer to this question, but rather a fruitful debate resulting into some more or less consensual conclusions. Personal rule in Black Africa: Prince, autocrat, prophet, tyrant. For the other FGs, we tried to balance the imperatives of diversity in representation with the need to proportionally reflect as much as possible the regional specificity of the RDPCs sociology. 2007. Berlin: Springer. Lindberg, Staffan, and Minion Morrison. The Creature could be a negotiator only when he/she would need to appease the local or regional conflicts and to impose the rule of law over some occasionally dissident factions. List Of Regions And Divisions Of Cameroon. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. On an even more pragmatic note, a FG4 participant quoted the former Prime Minister Achidi Achu when saying that politics na ndjangui [politics is a tontine]" (W.M., member of a local party committee in the Littoral). Defining spatiotemporal structure of vegetation anomaly in Cameroon in The public administration is politicized and openly campaigns for the RDPC, while the entire electoral apparatus is under its control. 2004. Where can I find data about Cameroons subdivisions and number of inhabitants? 2007. Then, majority MPs in the National Assembly and the Senate. #Covid19: Special gift of President Paul Biya heads to 360 subdivisions volume56,pages 639657 (2021)Cite this article. How many subdivisions are there in Cameroon? - Answers Regardless of their intentions and capacities, numerous participants of all the FGs concluded that the Creatures were the only high-ranking officials capable to fuel and to manipulate the patron-client relations in Cameroonian politics. Yaound: Imprimerie Nationale. 4536). authoritative (Centre Population et Dveloppement, Universit Paris Descartes, Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement), detailed (Regions > Departements > Arrondissement > Quartiers / Villages) and. 2012. Early literature discusses the incipient development of the electoral behaviour in Francophone Western and Central Africa and stresses its specificity: the feeble nature of political-electoral competitiveness and the abundance of the single-party or one-dominant-party systems (Debbach 1966; Jackson and Rosberg 1982; Aly Dieng 2012); the overwhelmingly ethno-tribal vote (Bogaards 2004, pp. The research allowed us to validate this presupposition and to observe in addition the Creatures chameleonic nature: in function of the needs, they act either as the all-mighty Presidents satraps, who inforce his will and keep the partys discipline, or as salesmen of the governments promises, being occasionally obliged to directly negotiate the prices of the resources they are willing to trade for a certain number of votes in favour of the President. Le clientlisme politique dans les socits contemporaines. Electoral choices for divided societies: Multi-ethnic parties and constituency polling in Africa. None of us is important, we are nothing more but his servants or, even better, his slaves.Footnote 1. This makes a total of 155 Creatures in the National Assembly. Some chieftains themselves may directly play the roles of local party leaders or may wish to claim such functions, reversing in this way the patron-client relations and thus blurring even more the distinctions between organizational and electoral clientelism (Blundo et al. 2014. In Clientelism, Social Policy, and the Quality of Democracy, ed. Moreover, these practices are not only contributed to the initial emergence of the Sub-Saharan African political systems but also remained dominant even several decades after decolonization (Cheeseman and Larmer 2013; Kramon 2017, pp. Discours, cultures et reprsentations politiques au Cameroun. Bamilk vs Cameroun? Chapter Kashimbila, Taraba State, Nigeria 13 May 2017: Water retained by the Kashimbila Multipurpose Dam built by the Federal government in Takum Local Government Area in Taraba State has been rising and flooding parts of Nigeria and has also submerged villages in three subdivisions in the Cameroons.. Work on the dam in Kashimbila located at Latitude 6.87324 N, and Longitude 9.75942 E started in 2009. As Paul Biya keeps signing decrees of nomination and rather commutes than fires the former holders of the respective positions (Bigombe Logo and Menthong 1996), there has been an inevitable inflation of Creatures and consequently a relative devaluation of their individual roles. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The chiefdom has the authority to render traditional justice especially for land and civil affairs, including inheritance (Hamani 2005). Van de Walle , Nicolas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Briquet, Jean-Louis., and Frdric. London: Sage. Lust-Okar, Ellen. This is mainly because the ethno-tribal relations are dominant in almost all the countries of the region and party politics developed within a pre-structured framework where the traditional bonds of affinity and allegiance, which were mediated via complex systems of ritual offer and informal taxation, had to be extended and institutionalized to the newly created modern national layers (Posner 2005, pp. 927). Malaquais, Dominique. Finally, the last assumption was that the Creatures were also negotiators between the central resource providers and the voters local influencers. At the same time, the process of decentralisation, initiated in 1996, has been particularly slow and inconsistent (Kakdeu 2015). But this did not diminish the well-entrenched behaviours of the regional and local party organizations, which are based on fear of control and traditional respect of hierarchies; thus, the Creatures are still perceived as the Presidents Cardinals, being the last ones you have the interest to upset (U.I., regional party committee substitute in the South). To do business in Cameroon, they affirmed that companies often spend years negotiating deals and gaining final approvals with the Cameroonian bureaucracy. 275283). Subdivisions of Cameroon | Detailed Pedia The Democratization of Clientelism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Osei, Anja. For the FG1, we tried to keep the highest degree of diversity, in terms of gender, language, ethnicity and seniority in service both in what concerns the members of the FG and the profiles of the Creatures that they served before. Where to find census data for many countries? Cambridge: University Press. Quantifier complexity of the definition of continuity of functions, Interaction terms of one variable with many variables. According to the organization of the Prime Minister's Services, 3 prime ministerial staff also have the rank and prerogatives of minister (the Secretary General of the Prime Minister's Service and his deputy, and the Director of the Prime Minister's Office). census data). The formation and the effectiveness of this clientelistic system, with semi-autonomous Anglophone regional and national leaders, organized in the Social Democratic Front/SDF, prompting (sometimes conditionally) the Francophone ruling party, the Cameroon Peoples Democratic Movement/RDPC, made it a model for the entire country, so for the main Francophone territories also (Banock 1992; Etogo 2012). v t e The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French dpartements ). Out of the 180 deputies of the National Assembly elected in February 2020, 152 belong to the RDPC. Three of the FG1 members observed that the Creatures were able to use their key positions to promise a specific allocation of resources in the immediately post-electoral periods (G.T., former advisor of a ministerial director). Kashimbila Dam floods three Subdivisions in Cameroon - Modern Ghana What distinguishes top researchers from mediocre ones? . In Contemporary Africa African histories and modernities, ed. Book Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. What are their functions and how do the inferior layers of the clientelistic networks perceive their status and influence within the political systems, especially in terms of mobilization and resource distribution? The first image of the Creatures as distant masters of the puppets, too highly placed to involve in the vulgar business of negotiation with basic political agents and voters, is spread among numerous FG2 participants. Clientelism and cartelization in post-communist Europe: the case of Romania. Unfortunately GADM does not provide any data below the level of Arrondissement. In order to test our assumption, we analysed a specific body of literature on the theorization of clientelism and on its African and Cameroonian specificity and organized four focus groups with the actual and former members of the clientelistic chains at different levels (central, regional and local). Within this article, we aim at exploring the topic of clientelism in Cameroon as a species of a wider phenomenon affecting Central and Western Francophone Africa. Van de Walle , Nicolas. First, there is an overwhelming influence of the precolonial traditional society, structured around chiefdoms which play a quasi-official role of administrative assisting bodies. Conclusion : les nouvelles dmocraties la qute de socialisation politique. Debbasch, Odile. The south end of the Toledo Subdivision is at the north end of the Cincinnati Terminal Subdivision, near the east end of the Indianapolis Subdivision. Subdivisions of Cameroon: Communes of Cameroon, Departments of Cameroon . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oxford: University Press. Partis politiques et processus de transition dmocratique en Afrique noire: recherches sur les enjeux juridiques et sociologiques du multipartisme dans quelques pays de lespace francophone. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cameroon is a unitary decentralized state located in cen-tral Africa. Finally, opposition parties are weak and political transhumance is high. Volume Two: North-South West Nexus 18581972. Cameroon is divided into 10 regions. 256259). Some FG members brought several examples of Creatures (ministers, state secretaries, MPs, heads of the national police or general directors) who intervened in the name of President Biya to restore the order in several party local or departmental organizations where the clashes between the clientelistic local structures for the access to resources was damaging the RDPC. Try to find a local census and join the tabular data to the shapefile attribute table. We used a two-part scenario: the first part was common to all the three FGs, while the second was specific to FG1 and, respectively to the last three FGs, targeting relevant issues, such as the particular understandings of the Creatures status and the real impact on determining the electoral behaviour of the local electorates or the capacity of the FG participants to mobilize resources and voters. ), while the notion of Creature itself is well known and spread, even among the public opinion (J.-L.K., former councillor of a state undersecretary). Les notables bamilk de lOuest-Cameroun: rle et organisation dans les institutions traditionnelles. PDF Agenda for The Transformation of The Cameroonian Health System Vetting and live service provision by Information Technology Outreach Services (ITOS) with funding from USAID. Following the guidelines formulated by John Gerring (Garring 2016, pp. Why do people generally discard the upper portion of leeks? This dataset is part of the Cameroon Data Grid. Nous sommes tous des cratures ou des crations du prsident Paul Biya, cest lui que doit revenir toute la gloire dans tout ce que nous faisons. (2020), conflicts and environmental problems affecting cattle grazing and their management strategies in Noni subdivision, Cameroon, Revista Universitar de . 2012. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Nevertheless, these postures were far from being clearly defined. 222226; Siegel 2017). I want to know the official names of all of them and the number of people living in each. At the same time, seen from the party militants perspective, the situation seems to be equally complicated. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Kramon, Eric. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Ltat en Afrique. Regions of Cameroon - Wikipedia Sy, Alpha Amadou. For instance, we introduced more urban militants and more women in the FG3 than in the FG2. Etat et corruption en Afrique. Transylvanian Review 27 (1): 119130. It goes from the traditional chiefdoms to the regions passing by the subdivisions and the divisions, respectively. The FG1 semi-contradictory debates finally led to the consensual analysis according to which there were at least three situations: (a) the Creatures had (some) real influence over resource distribution and tried to keep their promises by exerting influence in favour of their local and/or regional clientele; (b) the Creatures presumably had some real influence but deceived their clientele and did not honour the promises made in exchange of electoral support; (c) the Creatures had no influence on resource allocation and their promises proved to be vain. Democratization 10 (2): 121140. The average income of a small family farm is 300,000 FCFA (about 458 euros) per year. The facility houses 31 units ( 32 beds) and offers some of the best assisted living amenities. Ethnopopulism in Africa: Opposition mobilization in diverse and unequal societies. Carbone, Giovanni. 522). All in all, there are currently 1536 Creatures. And then, because of the legacy of the French colonial model itself. 18 (2): 462489. 2005. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 25 (2): 292305. Our "real" estate. Wantchkon, Lonard. Democratization in Africa 19902010: An assessment. The research focused on issues such as the strength of individual beliefs and opinions on the Cameroonian political developments (e.g. Fight Against Covid-19:Biya Donates CFA Two Billion To 360 Subdivisions To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Biya appoints the members of the electoral commission and the members of the Constitutional Council in charge of the settlement of electoral disputes and the proclamation of the results. This makes a total of 456 other Creatures in the second ranks of the ministries. The first (FG1) was made of former members of nine Creatures staffs and was meant to allow us to penetrate into the functioning details of the Creatures as nodal points between the territorial networks and the Presidents inner circle. 2016. Politique africaine 90 (2): 145160. Berenschot, Ward, and Edward Aspinall. For the FG results analysis, we adapted the methodology proposed by John M. Creswell (Creswell 2014). In the logic of the tontine, only those who contribute are entitled to profit (Tcheuyap 2014, p. 219). 2003. Amongst the 360 subdivisions in - Cameroon News Agency - Facebook Regions are under the authority of governors appointed by the President of the Republic who also appoints sub-divisional and divisional officers. 2015. If our main presupposition proved to be generally correct, one of the sub-arguments was only partially validated through this empirical component of our research. Abstract Within this article, we aim at exploring the topic of clientelism in Cameroon as a species of a wider phenomenon affecting Central and Western Francophone Africa. American Journal of Political Science 58 (2): 415432. Within this latter set of scientific concerns, the Sub-Saharan African societal and political systems appear as being among the most fertile grounds for studying clientelism. Thirdly, Cameroon is affected by the economic precariousness that drives citizens to compromise. Within the existing literature on clientelism in the Sub-Saharan Francophone countries, most contributions have focused on the states where pluralism has produced either regular alternation in power, as it has been the case in Benin and Senegal, where some incumbent presidents and their parliamentary majorities occasionally lost the elections (Wantchkon 2003; Beck 2008; Micoiu 2012), or on the cases of at least one change of majority (like in Guinea, Niger, Mali and the Ivory Coast). This qualifies Cameroon as a special case of centralized linguistically and regionally heterogeneous clientelism. Obiang, Jean-Franois. The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French dpartements). Money for votes: The causes and consequences of electoral clientelism in Africa. Democratic institutions and political networks. Why do the more recent landers across Mars and Moon not use the cushion approach? Aly Dieng, Amady. According to the FG1 participants, these characteristics are generally known not only by the party members, but also by those who pay attention to politics (journalists, officers, academia etc. On one hand, the circuits between the local party leaders and the other local elites are fluid and the party organizational structures and rules are at most formal, as their existence and configuration permanently depends of the authoritarian decisions taken at the central level (De Walle 2003; Diop 2006, pp. Google Scholar. Only about 90 of them are not RDPC registered members, mainly because they continue to be active in the military or in the justice system, in spite of the formal but rarely enforced interdiction to do so. Our argument is that, in spite of the repeated efforts of reinforcing the local power structures, we have witnessed a process of centralisation of clientelism: the new networks are shaped around the Creatures, who are the President Paul Biyas formal or informal appointees and play the role of nodal elements relying the rest of the chain to the central command. During the discussions, there was a permanent tension between, on one hand, the need of some participants to underline the greatness of the Creatures, as a direct emanation of Presidents will, and, on the other, to demonstrate their ability to talk with local influencers and voters and to persuade the latter to support the President. Presidential power and democratization by elections in Africa. Retirement Communities Ohio | Medicaid Assisted living Toledo Crise de lgitimit politique et vidence de la continuit. Paris: LHarmattan. If we add the 3 members appointed by presidential decree in this chambers bureau also, we reach a total of 96 Creatures in the Senate. Southern West Cameroon Revisited. The divisions are further sub-divided into sub-divisions (arrondissements) and districts. Once again, our idea was that the FG groups would reveal the triple role of the Creatures: (1) to mobilize the local and regional structures for the elections, (2) to insure party discipline and allegiance to the decisions of the President, and (3) to act as negotiators between the political centre and the local stakeholders who mobilize the voters. 2005. The uninterrupted continuity in power provides either the Presidents or the presidential dynasties with a variety of tools not only to control the power fluxes but also with a need to periodically refresh their networks of political-electoral influence. 2018. The products include: If someone is using slang words and phrases when talking to me, would that be disrespectful and I should be offended? Sergiu Micoiu, Sdagban Hygin F. Kaka, Kokou Folly L. and Hetcheli, eds. Subdivisions of Cameroon - Wikipedia Party-Voter Linkage in Africa: Ghana and Senegal in Comparative Perspective. Les partis politiques de lopposition en Afrique: La qute du pouvoir. Schaffer, Frederic Charles, ed. A new model of clientelism: Political parties, public resources, and private contributors. London: Routledge. 2011. Gherghina, Sergiu, and Clara Volintiru. Le clientlisme politique au Cameroun contemporain: Une enqute sur le fonctionnement des rseaux du pouvoir. 2014. Some RDPC activists admit at their turn that the main expectation of the local party structures is to use the Creatures as assets to put the tribal chieftains, the neighbourhood clan leaders and the other local influencers at work, to gather our voters (K.K., local party treasurer, Littoral region). Authoritarian clientelism: the case of the presidents creatures in Cameroon. Condo located at 3360 Central Ave, Toledo, OH 43606. Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Bayart, Jean-Franois. The Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Africa (CHRDA) in a report has documented a detailed report on what is happening in the North West Region of Cameroon between the Fulani and natives of Bum/Nwa. Les dynamiques de la lgitimit du pouvoir politique local au Cameroun. The New Wave of Presidential Authoritarianism in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa. The neo-liberal revolution. This process required the penetration of the Anglophone areas by the pro-Yaound networks of influence (Bayart 1985). . Clientelism in everyday latin American politics. The focus group research offered the possibility to check our initial arguments, to draw a series of meaningful but partial conclusions over the way clientelism works in Cameroon and to finally make a series of observations about, among other aspects, the wouldbe directions of future research on the key actors of clientelistic practices. 2003. Chakravarty, Satya R. 2010. Cameroon: Territorial Administration - These Daring Female Blundo, Giorgio, and Jean-Pierre. Revue de lOccident musulman et de la Mditerrane 2: 5194. For instance, up to April 2019, the President of the Republic of Cameroon had formed 36 governments (with 315 ministers), an average of one government a year since he took power. How much of mathematical General Relativity depends on the Axiom of Choice? Etogo, Gabriel. Le processus de dmocratisation en Afrique, le cas du Cameroun. Lconomie morale de la corruption en Afrique. Therefore, all administrative officials respond to the President of the Republic despite the existence of an official hierarchy among themselves. Administratively, the country is made up of 10 regions, 58 divisions, 360 subdivisions, 374 councils. This led to an almost total ignorance with regard to the mechanisms of functioning of the indigenous society and consequently, later on, of the processes of networking, political aggregation, decision-making or policy implementation within the local and the regional layers of the post-colonial states. 2012. Thus, after taking power in 1982, Paul Biya had toured the country to be initiated and ended up by being named Nnom Ngui [Chief of Chiefs] in his region of origin (Kpwang 2011, pp. [1] Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. abilitation Thesis.
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