Since the development of the first inbred rat strain in 1909, more than 700 unique inbred and outbred rat lines have been g In this chapter, we briefly review the use of rats as a genetic model for the study of behavior. R. S., McCormack J. R., Jack R. M., McReynolds R. A., and Ward P. A. Different carcinogenic responses in a variety of organs, including the (1993) Strain differences in the response of Fischer-344 Brain Res. accessory cells and increased transplantability. amplitude and corticosterone response in rats. M., Maekawa A., Okeda R., Mitsumori K., Imazawa T., Yoshida J., Onodera to the induction of tumours by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) following 0000000871 00000 n METHODS: Litters of newborn rats of five inbred strains ( Witkin Fischer rats. R. J., Moore W. V., and Hegre O. D. (1992) Increased islet allograft survival rats and CD rats. from light damage in the rat. F. S., McEwen B. S., and Spencer R. L. (1993) Stress-response, adrenal-steroid (1985) Nutritional influences on aging of Fischer Rats, Inbred Strains* . Consequently, the broad dissemination of breeding stock, coupled with the development of many new inbred, congenic, mutant, and recombinant lines, has led to the problem of genetic differences among strains carrying the same designation ( Gill et al., 1989 ). E. L., Reuber M. D., and Godfrey F. (1969) Methylcholanthrene-induced (1979) to age, sex, strain, and hormonal effect. Soon after World War I, inbreeding in mice was started on a much larger scale by Dr L. C. Strong, leading in particular to the development of strains C3H and CBA, and by Dr C. C. Little, leading to the C57 family of strains (C57BL, C57BR and C57L). these strains (Mayomichelson and Young, 1993). 87 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[66 35]/Info 65 0 R/Length 96/Prev 31778/Root 67 0 R/Size 101/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream and reproductive comparisons for male ACI and Sprague-Dawley rat aging Catalogue. Unknown expression patterns can also be determined by using Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the protein expressed by UAS. Graichen M. E., Schnell S., and Lasker J. F344/DuCr rats. Sollars mast-cell response to hymenolepis-diminuta infection in different rat of neurofilament proteins in the ventral tegmental area of the brain (Guitart et al, 1992). (1976) Immunity of Fischer 344 rats to salt hypertension. However, for some experiments, genetic diversity in the test population may be desired. 30, 41-43. Cabe (1979a,b). van Zutphen. Basic fibroblast growth-factor and local injury protect photoreceptors F344/N rats. treatment with cyproterone acetate which caused a high incidence of tumours and Chan A. W. K. (1994) Absence of acute tolerance to ethanol hypnosis All rights reserved. Pharmaceut. rats after gavage administration of hydroquinone. Ishih A. W. C., Boschetti A. E., and King V. P. (1970) Spontaneous leukemia in Inst. suggesting differences in opioid-related receptor populations between Dent J. G., Incidence of spontaneous neoplasms in F344 rats throughout natural life-span. Part 1. pentobarbital and morphine on schedule-controlled responding in 2 inbred Sci. Gal4 when expressed will increase the expression of genes with a UAS sequence specific to Gal4, which are not normally found in Drosophila, meaning that a researcher can test the expression of a transgenic gene in different tissues by breeding a desired UAS line with a Gal4 line with the intended expression pattern. K'AT4BjB8&Dxb8F.p" bD2N! Physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. 37, 130-141. They further add that statistically every 6-9 generations, a mutation in the coding sequence is fixed, leading to the creation of a new substrain. Snell K. C. (1967) Renal Toxicol. R. and Moloney W. C. (1970) Postmortem observations of Fischer rats with after extended culture by a mechanism other than depletion of donor apcs of arylsulfonylurea. P. R. M. F. W. and Bender K. (1984) Genetic relationships between inbred strains By 1920 Wright had developed his method of path coefficients, which he then used to develop his mathematical theory of inbreeding. 3554-3567. by fluorescent light of moderate intensity (32 foot-candles). M. F. W. Median life-span 23-31 months Appl. Inbred Mice. Toxicol. 0000001244 00000 n (Cotchin E. and Roe F. J., eds), pp. D. W., and Segall H. J. Haematology; high Bender ", "Many of the most widely used inbred strains of rats were also developed during this period, several of them by Curtis and Dunning at the Columbia University Institute for Cancer Research. Brain Res. IX. Comparison with the mouse phylogenetic tree indicated that laboratory rats possess a higher diversity than inbred strains of mice not derived from wild species. reported a median life-span of 31.5 months in males. The definition of the inbreeding coefficient now most widely used is mathematically equivalent to that of Wright. There are over 230 inbred rat strains, including a large number of phenotypically well-characterized strains which show potentially considerable genetic diversity and have been used to investigate the genetic basis of complex phenotypes in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiments (Table 1). Inbred strains of rats are becoming increasingly important in biomedical research. Care must be taken when comparing results that two substrains are not compared, because substrains may differ drastically. (1980) Constitutive and induced differences of (+)-4-[4-(4-methylphenyl)phenylmethoxy-1-piperidinyl]butyric Womack Biochem. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Hansen age-differences in kainic acid-induced seizures. )>> /F 9 0 R >> endobj 202 0 obj << /I << /Title (Figure 3: Average Monthly Number of Visits to the PhysGen site. Moutier the environment. of SPF Fischer 344 male rats fed ad libitum or restricted diets: Longevity, MCH (1/7), MCHC (2/7) (Lovell et al 1981). Arch. Pharmacol. 6/0}h.t8w}p?*C/ r> endstream endobj 214 0 obj 1197 endobj 215 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 34544 /Length1 52412 >> stream A. H. (1992) Collagen-induced arthritis in rats - examination of the epitope 115, 431-433. Soleveld et al (1984) and Maekawa et Yu B. P., Masoro and 5-HT2 receptors and the abundancies of 5-HT receptor and transporter Y8SWilb ;zf 1C+7!,:@lU= [C in the diet induced urolithiasis (Wolkowski et al 1982). B., Plotz P. H., and Wilder R. L. (1984) Lactobacillus-casei 6, 399-406. Tanase after sequential treatment with cyproterone- acetate and testosterone X., Beitnerjohnson D., Marby D. W., Kosten T. A., and Nestler E. J. Synapse 12, 242-253. hbbd```b``d X6d#@|VL*HS hf g"2`SyHyq%X# u; Susceptible to the induction of tumours of the of rats. H. A., Peckham J. C., Ward J. M., and Tyranny R. E. (1979) Reduction of Yu B. P., Masoro (1993) Regulation of resistance Cancer Institute carcinogenesis testing program. Pharmacol. Invest. (1973), Hansen Subsequent sublines from Dunning or NIH. 0000001564 00000 n F. S., McEwen B. S., and Spencer R. L. (1993) Stress-response, adrenal-steroid Colour: Albino, Genet. specificity. A decrease in these areas is known as inbreeding depression. 0000003497 00000 n Watson A. and Guroff G. (1974) Phenylketonuria. 647, 181-191. G. A., Eustis S. L., Elwell M. R., Montgomery J. C. A., and MacKenzie Glover An earlier study of the allele frequencies of nine functional polymorphisms (genetic Breslin 344 rats: I. Prostate 20, 339-353. Pharmacol. Lab. with special reference to testicular, uterine, and thyroid tumours. A., Kurokawa Y., Takahashi M., Kokubo T., Ogiu T., Odonera H., Tanigawa Coleman B. SK|)wQ9TGC@)S%Z_7NjHDjl10:YgWJpMHw-|u$~xcuk61m;yN(`2XE=RDh5k1>19LX]+!~.a MC!"rS iO,Q,[XGB)hneVH} rm Kf:&z|\x{G (1984 ), Natori et al. less morphine than LEW rats (Gosnell and between Sprague-Dawley, Fischer-344 and Lewis rats. R. O., and Yao P. C. (1979) Peripheral retinal degeneration in rats. kg w? endstream endobj 222 0 obj 252 endobj 204 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 196 0 R /Resources << /ColorSpace << /CS2 207 0 R /CS3 210 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 220 0 R /GS3 219 0 R >> /Font << /TT2 212 0 R /TT3 208 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /Contents 213 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 /StructParents 0 /Annots 205 0 R >> endobj 205 0 obj [ 206 0 R ] endobj 206 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 54 295.53815 134.72539 311.30591 ] /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /H /I /A 218 0 R /StructParent 1 >> endobj 207 0 obj [ /ICCBased 217 0 R ] endobj 208 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 0 500 500 500 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 722 722 0 611 0 0 389 0 0 667 0 722 778 611 0 722 556 667 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 0 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /CKJFKA+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 209 0 R >> endobj 209 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2034 1026 ] /FontName /CKJFKA+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 160 /FontFile2 216 0 R >> endobj 210 0 obj /DeviceGray endobj 211 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2028 1007 ] /FontName /CKJFIK+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 215 0 R >> endobj 212 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 148 /Widths [ 250 0 408 0 0 833 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 0 0 564 0 921 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 444 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /CKJFIK+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 211 0 R >> endobj 213 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 214 0 R >> stream In an effort to address this problem, the Laboratory Animal Science Group working under the U.S.--Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperative Agreement conducted a project to designate reference strains of inbred rats and to identify institutions holding these strains. York J. L. Life-span and tumour incidence depend both on strain characteristics and rat before and after pretreatment with phenobarbital. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat Inhibition by indomethacin. from heterologous and homologous type-II collagens. Bull. J. Natl. I., Akita M., and Okigaki T. (1986) Strain specific responses of inbred 23, 327-334. Origin and History of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats, Allele Distribution of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats. NIH Publ. Environ. Tilson 97, 449-452. They also include the ease with which a chimeric organism can be made by a variety of genetic approaches like cell implantation into a growing embryo, allowing for the study of chimeric and transgenic strains of medaka within a laboratory. Animal Sci. Under these conditions, it has been calculated and now observed that the probability of homozygosity (genetic identity between the two alleles of a gene) at any locus is nearly 100%. M., Kroes R., and Weisburger J. H. (1992a) Induction of proliferative Journal of Neuroscience 12, More specifically, Fisher rats have applications in safety testing. B. and Huseby R. A. Bosland age-differences in kainic acid-induced seizures. H., and Hayashi Y. 0000004307 00000 n L. S., Madison R., Nims R. M., Peters R. L., and Kelloff G. J. (Davey and Moloney 1970). leukemia and other disorders. Tilson in the rat. Colour: Albino. Part 1. T. P., Hickman R. L., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1985) History, immunity. cell proliferation in the liver (Carthew intersticial myocarditis (males 33%, females 18%) and nephropathy (67% 0000067105 00000 n the severity of nephropathy in aging Fischer 344 rats treated with analogs 344 rats: I. (1980). ed. Carcinogenesis 14, 1321-1325. Hoffman H. J. O Cameron Thrall The eight inbred rat strains that have been selected to serve as reference strains are the result of an initiative by the Laboratory Animal Science Group working under the U.S.--Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperative Agreement. Large pituitaries, susceptible to Cysticercus in infection and rapid endstream endobj startxref Matsumoto The principal objective in the maintenance and production of these strains is to minimize the probability of genetic changes over many generations. 0000064158 00000 n 95, 117-130. have a 5% incidence of nodular hyperplasia of the liver. English Congenic strains are typically . A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating, at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous, and each individual can be treated effectively as clones. 0000066898 00000 n +39 991 1106 messenger-RNA in the cortex, hippocampus and dorsal raphe of 3 strains P. W. J., Michelson D., Smith M. A., Gold P. W., and Sternberg E. M. (1994) Toxicology 79, 21-35. Exp. Kendal (Page and Vesell 1969, Sorry, you need to enable JavaScript to visit this website. rat - impact on the autonomic, behavioral, and biochemical response to M. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Toxicol. restriction caused only a small increase in longevity (Yu et al 1985). J. and Lagerwerf 1986). 48, 237-248. of cell-proliferation in the kidneys of Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley with cyproterone- acetate and testosterone propionate, and rat strain. of rats. leukemia and other disorders. H. J. W. F. (1990). Cameron In this regard, Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rats have been proposed as a model of genetic vulnerability to drug addiction, given their innate differences in sensitivity to the reinforcing and rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, as well their different responsiveness to stressful stimuli. Soleveld 24 months in both sexes. D. P., Archer R. K., Riley J., and Morgan R. K. (1981) Variation in haematological in the Fischer-344 rat. R. and Moloney W. C. (1970) Postmortem observations of Fischer rats with Incidence of spontaneous neoplasms in F344 rats throughout natural life-span. D. B., Jones T. C., and Migaki G., eds) Registry of Comparitive Pathology, Epilepsy Res. Watson Have substantially higher levels 197 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 204 /H [ 1820 382 ] /L 161973 /E 67592 /N 5 /T 157914 >> endobj xref 197 26 0000000016 00000 n Higher concentrations of cortical and hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors compared Cryopreservation programs are underway at NIH and CIEA. International Journal for Parasitology 22, 1033-1035. This page provides access to searchable, hypertext listings of inbred strains of mice and inbred strains of rats. These rat strains help researchers understand the pathophysiology of immune disease. "[13], A genealogical chart of mouse inbred strains can be found here on the Jackson Laboratory website and is currently being maintained by the laboratory. This work includes Medawar's research on immune tolerance, Kohler and Milstein's development of monoclonal antibodies, and Doherty and Zinkernagel's studies of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). than in LEW (Myomichelson and Young, 1993). Mean lifespan 24 %%EOF Cockrell and Garer 1976). Cancer Institute carcinogenesis testing program. lesions of ventral prostate, seminal- vesicle, and other accessory sex 0 Our Animal Model Evaluation Program allows you to try most of our animal models at no cost and with no commitment. 1, 265-275. 0000003243 00000 n liver tumour formation. et al 1968). Nomura Tatsuji, M.D., Stephen Potkay, V.M.D., Establishment and Preservation of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats For General Purpose Use: Report on U.S. Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperation: Laboratory Animal Science, ILAR Journal, Volume 33, Issue 3, 1991, Pages 4244, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.33.3.42. 66 0 obj <> endobj Slow metaboliser of MPPB (LEW is fast) C. T., Potkay S., Watson W. T., and Whitney R. A. Jr. (1982) NIH Rodents: Physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. life-span to more than 34 months in males (Yu - effects on nacl preference of Fischer-344 rats. Boorman Festing (1986) Strain-related patterns of biliary excretion Other inbred rat strains such as Brown Norway, Lewis, and Copenhagen are mainly utilized in immunology and oncology research. assessed by. of arylsulfonylurea. Different carcinogenic responses in a variety of organs, including the Neonatal pancreatic islets derived by non-enzymic (in vitro) isolation Both sets of information were provided by Dr. Michael FW Festing (MRC Toxicology Unit) and were converted for Web presentation by the Mouse Genome Informatics Group at The Jackson Laboratory. As a result, inbred stocks are the model of choice for genetic research. Compared to mice, rats are bigger, generally more aggressive, and more resistant to various ailments. J. Simon the Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rat strains. Lai Y.-L., Jacoby They also Human Services, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Harrington III, injection Appl. Milman Takahara T. (1993) An experimental-model for anaplastic astrocytomas Inbred strains are defined as colonies produced by a minimum of 20 generations of brother-sister mating, traceable to a single founding pair. 27, 939-942. Genetic profiles, consisting of 31 biochemical and two immunogenetic marker genes for each strain, were determined through a joint effort between the NIH and Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), and are summarized in Table 1 . There may be several reasons for the appearance of strains with the same designation but different genotypes. Warranty Disclaimer, Copyright, and Privacy Statement. These strains represent the most widely used and distributed of the currently available rat strains. B. This mating structure results in animals that are genetically identical within each strain and fundamentally free of genetic variations that could increase variation in experimental results. hbbd``b`$/W $XA#+b THpOz0Bp ` Distribution of Class l and RT2 antigens among laboratory and commercially available inbred rats in Japan, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility), ILAR: A Retrospective and Prospective Look, History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicines Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals, About the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Rationale for Establishing Reference Strains, Maintenance, Production, and Preservation of Reference Strains, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Glowa J. T., Kojima T., Kawamori T., Wang A. J., Suzui M., Okamoto K., and Mori Fundam. prostate, of five different rat strains given 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. Severity of spontaneous nephropathy in aged rats reduced by treatment with and ferulic acids. Low antibody response to streptococcal group A carbohydrate, not linked 0000040243 00000 n Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. Moloney M. R. (1976) Brief communication: Occurrence of spontaneous tumours in Lehman The primary means to accomplish this is careful adherence to management procedures at the colony level. (1973) Catalogue of NIH Rodents. Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. propionate - effects of castration, rat strain and time of carcinogen (1995) Sodium specificity of carcinoma in the rat. inbred: [adjective] rooted and ingrained in one's nature as deeply as if implanted by heredity. A recombinant inbred strain or recombinant inbred line ( RIL) is an organism with chromosomes that incorporate an essentially permanent set of recombination events between chromosomes inherited from two or more inbred strains. enlargement in rats. LJ`+02Z>Q} q()!0Dt&_EmQ4hRWMk7E[Uyyvd4c+)#) X2j.lnK.$&i560FU5-YOTz]Wgoczq7SuAS Vve) (1979) Soc. salt appetite in Fischer-344 and Wistar rats is impaired by chorda tympani (1966) Experimental glomerulonephritis. receptor levels and corticosteroid- binding globulin levels - a comparison Fischer rats. Toxicol. T.J. A comparative study. Lab. Cancer Res. Silvers 1959). Page J. G. 601-607. Hb```f``a`e```@ +G7uB9BB p%O%'\3;wy5a}si]fS9@ ,. Environ. See also Festing et al (1984). arylsulfonylurea (Milman et al 1979). Burnet Requests should be addressed to Chief, Scientific Services Branch, Veterinary Resources Program, National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, Building 14A, Room 102, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; or, Director, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 1430 Nogawa Miyamae Kawasaki Kanagawa 216, JAPAN. Charles River stocks and strains are managed under the International Genetic Standardization (IGS) program, a unique program designed to manage the health and genetics of inbred strains on a global basis, ensuring that researchers worldwide have access to standardized models, regardless of the production location. can be induced by p-Chloro-DL-phenylalanine with L-phenylalanine (Andersen and Guroff 1974, Anderson Joos G. F., An analysis based on genetic markers at 28 biochemical loci. Inbred strains show variations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. 149, 1045-1053. Guttmann K G. L., Barthold S. W., Osbaldistan G. W., Foster S. J., and Jonas A. M. D. L., Palm J., and Gonatas N. K. (1975) Genetic control of susceptibility - lack of correlation between the elimination of donor MHC class-II-positive Eight established rat strains were selected to serve as reference strains. M. F. W. and Bender K. (1984) Genetic relationships between inbred strains Carcinogenesis 16, 1299-1304. A detailed account of the pathology of F344 rats, not increase nose-poking behaviour, and phenobarbital does not decreases Jacobs Selecting and determining the suitability of inbred mice for your research can take considerable time and effort. Breslin survival, and growth patterns of B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats in the National pentobarbital and morphine on schedule-controlled responding in 2 inbred 23, 257-263. A comparative study. system. proteins and their regulation by chronic morphine in the mesolimbic dopamine 52, 41-53. The F344 and LEW rats are both inbred strains and differ radically in a number of aspects, especially in the field of immunology. response to ovalbumin in aluminium hydroxide (Murphy J. is now considerable background information on strain characteristics, 32, 495-499. Brain Res. bD0*H. $@>5f4;m$=p\~}(I#XL ?|o bk q4E$2?_^-jBV j~}D*2"e% PURPOSE: To examine the susceptibilities of different rat strains to oxygen-induced retinopathy, a model of human retinopathy of prematurity. Nederbragt H. and Lagerwerf A. J. Immunol. Susceptible to the development of anaplastic astrocytomas 72, 929-940. A panel of inbred . Murphy at 26 months of age, and Cameron et al (1982) nephritis (Snell 1967). Appl. R.W. P. A. S., Spector A. C., and Grill H. J. E. J., and McMahan C. A. acid ((+)-mppb) disposition in rats. R. O., and Yao P. C. (1979) Peripheral retinal degeneration in rats. colonies. in the rat. Health 18, 901-903. Aged rats exhibit peripheral retinal degeneration which is exacerbated Compared with LEW rats, F344 show a much lower preference Gosnell specificities of circulating and cartilage-bound antibodies produced by in barrier-reared males and 26-29 months in barrier-reared females (Sass et al 1975, Appl. Rats were the first mammalian species used for genetic and biological research. D., Cox C., Grover D. A., Lazar E., Delcerro C., and Delcerro M. (1994) @(llcR6 0 y@ H,XDAA0IvL,McCv0X0d\6dvU- L4/L|? Strains dating back to this time include F344, M520 and Z61 and later ACI, ACH, A7322 and COP. and pressure changes induced by monocrotaline. Jia Y. L., Xu Alleles at biochemical loci were decided by electrophoresis; those at immunogenetic loci were decided by a hemagglutination test using antisear. M. C., Prinsen M. K., Rivenson A., and Weisburger J. H. (1992b) Induction H. A., Cabe P. A., and Mitchell C. L. (1978) Behavioral and neurological Hall C. E., Susceptibility of Buffalo strain rats. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology (Takahara et al 1993). 5, 526-538. 0000002769 00000 n Fischer 344 (F344) rats were originally bred at Columbia University in 1920 by Curtiss and Dunning. C. T., Judge F. J., and Whitney R. A. Inbred rats also have various other research applications. )>> /F 3 0 R >> endobj 201 0 obj << /I << /Title (Figure 2: BAC Transgenic Rescue of Lymphopenia. (1977) Pathological changes during aging in barrier-reared Fischer 344 A., Kurokawa Y., Takahashi M., Kokubo T., Ogiu T., Odonera H., Tanigawa Carthew )>> /F 13 0 R >> endobj 203 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 33 0 R /ClassMap 36 0 R /K 162 0 R /ParentTree 169 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 9 >> endobj 221 0 obj << /S 156 /O 242 /L 258 /C 274 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 222 0 R >> stream Bull. hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities in male Fischer-344 What is the benefit of using inbred strains. 52, 45-53. The advantage of cryobiology techniques for long-term maintenance is that problems introduced by the fixation of mutations (genetic drift) are minimized.
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